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'''Islamic Philosophy''' is a discipline concerned with the general problems of being, knowledge, soul, God, and religion. It is originated in Ancient Greece. The first Muslim philosopher was [[al-Kindi]] and the founder of the Islamic philosophy was [[al-Farabi]]. There have been three important schools of the Islamic philosophy: the [[Peripatetic]] or | <onlyinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{section|editorial box}}}|editorial box|{{Editorial Box | ||
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'''Islamic Philosophy''' (Arabic: {{ia|الفلسفة الإسلامية}}) is a discipline concerned with the general problems of being, knowledge, soul, [[God]], and [[religion]]. It is originated in Ancient Greece. The first [[Muslim]] philosopher was [[al-Kindi]] and the founder of the Islamic philosophy was [[al-Farabi]]. There have been three important schools of the Islamic philosophy: the [[Peripatetic]] or "Mashsha'" philosophy, the [[Illuminationist]] or "Ishraq" philosophy, and the [[Transcendent Philosophy]] or "al-Hikmat al-Muta'aliya". | |||
The most prominent Muslim philosophers are al-Farabi, [[Ibn Sina]], [[al-Suhrawardi]], [[Ibn Rushd]], [[Mir Damad]], and [[Mulla Sadra]]. The most siginificant texts in the Islamic philosophy are ''[[al-Isharat wa l-tanbihat]]'', ''[[Hikmat al-ishraq]]'', ''[[al-Qabasat]]'', ''[[al-Asfar al-arba'a]]'', ''[[al-Shawahid al-rububiyya]]'', and ''[[Nihayat al-hikma]]''. | The most prominent Muslim philosophers are al-Farabi, [[Ibn Sina]], [[al-Suhrawardi]], [[Ibn Rushd]], [[Mir Damad]], and [[Mulla Sadra]]. The most siginificant texts in the Islamic philosophy are ''[[al-Isharat wa l-tanbihat]]'', ''[[Hikmat al-ishraq]]'', ''[[al-Qabasat]]'', ''[[al-Asfar al-arba'a]]'', ''[[al-Shawahid al-rububiyya]]'', and ''[[Nihayat al-hikma]]''. | ||
In the Islamic world, the Islamic philosophy faced some oppositions. Some of its opponents hold that it involves blasphemous contents; others believe that it is as helpful as any other discipline or science, but it has no role in our religious knowledge, and sacred religious texts should not be interpreted in accordance with such philosophical foundations. The best-known Shiite school of thought which opposes the Islamic philosophy is the school of [[Tafkik]]. | In the Islamic world, the Islamic philosophy faced some oppositions. Some of its opponents hold that it involves [[blasphemous]] contents; others believe that it is as helpful as any other discipline or science, but it has no role in our religious knowledge, and sacred religious texts should not be interpreted in accordance with such philosophical foundations. The best-known [[Shiite]] school of thought which opposes the Islamic philosophy is the school of [[Tafkik]]. | ||
==What is it?== | ==What is it?== | ||
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==Origin== | ==Origin== | ||
The Islamic philosophy has its origin in the Ancient Greek philosophy. Since the 2nd/8th century, Muslims began to translate Greek philosophical works into Arabic. In this century, much of [[Aristotle]] | The Islamic philosophy has its origin in the Ancient Greek philosophy. Since the 2nd/8th century, Muslims began to translate Greek philosophical works into Arabic. In this century, much of [[Aristotle]]'s work, as well as that of the commentators of the Alexandrian school, much of [[Galen]]'s work and some of [[Plato]]'s dialogues were translated into Arabic. The first Muslim philosopher, [[al-Kindi]], lived in this period. During the academic movement which emerged from the translation of Greek texts into Arabic, al-Kindi moved to [[Baghdad]] and studied many Greek books, and in particular, Aristotle's work. | ||
==Challenge of the Appellation of the Islamic Philosophy== | ==Challenge of the Appellation of the Islamic Philosophy== | ||
One challenge for the Islamic philosophy was its appellation. Some people take | One challenge for the Islamic philosophy was its appellation. Some people take "Islamic philosophy" to be an inconsistent composition, because the methodology of philosophy is inconsistent with that of the religion. For philosophical propositions are proved by purely discursive arguments, while religious doctrines of the [[Quran]] and [[hadiths]] are to be accepted by way of servitude to, or obedience of, God. The challenge is not specific to the Islamic philosophy. Étienne Gilson wrote that some people take Christian philosophy to be impossible because it is a contradictory notion which is impossible to be realized. | ||
In reply to this objection, [[Muhammad Taqi Misbah Yazdi]] holds that a minimal relation between philosophy and Islam suffices for the consistency of the notion of Islamic philosophy. He believes that some problems of the Islamic philosophy are originated in Islamic doctrines and some of them are at the service of Islamic issues, and this much of relation suffices for the legitimacy of the notion of Islamic philosophy. In order to resolve the apparent inconsistency of the notion of Islamic philosophy, some people suggest that religious doctrines can have an impact on philosophy in such a way that its discursive rational nature is preserved. They hold that Islamic doctrines can affect the Islamic philosophy by reorienting philosophical problems, raising some problems, initiating some arguments, and resolving some errors. | In reply to this objection, [[Muhammad Taqi Misbah Yazdi]] holds that a minimal relation between philosophy and Islam suffices for the consistency of the notion of Islamic philosophy. He believes that some problems of the Islamic philosophy are originated in Islamic doctrines and some of them are at the service of Islamic issues, and this much of relation suffices for the legitimacy of the notion of Islamic philosophy. In order to resolve the apparent inconsistency of the notion of Islamic philosophy, some people suggest that religious doctrines can have an impact on philosophy in such a way that its discursive rational nature is preserved. They hold that Islamic doctrines can affect the Islamic philosophy by reorienting philosophical problems, raising some problems, initiating some arguments, and resolving some errors. | ||
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==Prominent Philosophers== | ==Prominent Philosophers== | ||
The most important Muslim philosophers include [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], [[Ibn Sina]] (or Avicenna), [[Ibn Rushd]] (or Averroes), [[Suhrawardi]], [[Mulla Sadra]], [[Mulla Hadi Sabzawari]], and [[Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i]]. Al-Kindi who came to be known as the | The most important Muslim philosophers include [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], [[Ibn Sina]] (or Avicenna), [[Ibn Rushd]] (or Averroes), [[Suhrawardi]], [[Mulla Sadra]], [[Mulla Hadi Sabzawari]], and [[Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i]]. Al-Kindi who came to be known as the "Arab Philosopher" was the first philosopher in the Islamic world. He lived in 2nd/8th and 3rd/9th centuries, and was highly influenced by Aristotle. Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (260/873-339/950) is considered to be the founder of the Islamic philosophy and came to be known as the [[Second Teacher]] (al-Mu'allim al-Thani). | ||
Ibn Sina (370/980-428/1037) was the greatest peripatetic philosopher in the Islamic world. His philosophical work has been the most important source of the Islamic philosophy. Ibn Rushd (520/1126-595/1198) was also a peripatetic philosopher who tried to remain loyal to the Aristotelian philosophy. Suhrawardi (549/1154-587/1191) was known as | Ibn Sina (370/980-428/1037) was the greatest peripatetic philosopher in the Islamic world. His philosophical work has been the most important source of the Islamic philosophy. Ibn Rushd (520/1126-595/1198) was also a peripatetic philosopher who tried to remain loyal to the Aristotelian philosophy. Suhrawardi (549/1154-587/1191) was known as "Shaykh al-Ishraq". His four important philosophical works are the most important texts of the Illuminationist philosophy. | ||
Mir Damad (d. 1041/1631) was Mulla | Mir Damad (d. 1041/1631) was Mulla Sadra's teacher. It is believed that he paved the path for Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy. Mulla Sadra (d. 1050/1640) was the founder of the Transcendent Philosophy. He elaborated his philosophical system in his monumental work, ''[[al-Asfar al-arba'a]]''. | ||
Mulla Hadi Sabzawari (1212/1797-1289/1873) is considered to be the most important Iranian philosopher in the 13th/19th century. He is a significant commentator of Mulla | Mulla Hadi Sabzawari (1212/1797-1289/1873) is considered to be the most important Iranian philosopher in the 13th/19th century. He is a significant commentator of Mulla Sadra's philosophy. Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i (1281SH/1904-1360SH/1981) was one of the most influential Shiite scholars in the intellectual, religious atmosphere of Iran in the 20th century. Many later teachers of the Islamic philosophy in the [[Islamic Seminary of Qom]] were his students. | ||
==Significant Philosophical Works== | ==Significant Philosophical Works== | ||
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==School of Tafkik== | ==School of Tafkik== | ||
The School of [[Tafkik]] is the best-known Shiite school of thought which opposes the Islamic philosophy. It emphasizes on the separation ( | The School of [[Tafkik]] is the best-known Shiite school of thought which opposes the Islamic philosophy. It emphasizes on the separation ("tafkik") of three paths to knowledge: the [[Quran]], philosophy, and mysticism. It aims to free the Quranic knowledge from any combinations with other sources of knowledge. Scholars of the school of Tafkik do not have a single unified position with respect to philosophy. Earlier scholars of Tafkik, such as [[Mirza Mahdi Isfahani]] and [[Mahmud Halabi]], find an inconsistency between philosophy and [[sharia]], but later scholars, such as [[Sayyid Ja'far Sayyidan]] and [[Muhammad Rida Hakimi]] do not reject philosophy altogether, taking the point of Tafkik to be a separation between different methods. | ||
[[fa:فلسفه اسلامی]] | [[fa:فلسفه اسلامی]] | ||