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Prophethood: Difference between revisions
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===Reception of Revelations=== | ===Reception of Revelations=== | ||
{{main|Wahy}} | {{main|Wahy}} | ||
"Wahy" (or revelation)—the conveyance of God's words to prophets—is, according to the Qur'an, a common characteristic of all prophets, including Noah (a), [[Ibrahim (a)]], [[Isma'il (a)]], [[Jesus (a)]], and [[Muhammad (s)]]. God conveys religious doctrines and orders to guide people to prophets through [[Jabra'il]] or without any mediation. | "Wahy" (or revelation)—the conveyance of God's words to prophets—is, according to the Qur'an, a common characteristic of all prophets, including Noah (a), [[Ibrahim (a)]], [[Isma'il (a)]], [[Jesus (a)]], and [[Muhammad (s)]].<ref>Ranjbar, "Barisī wa taḥqīq pīrāmūn-i wazhih waḥy dar Qurʾān", p. 18-19.</ref> God conveys religious doctrines and orders to guide people to prophets through [[Jabra'il]] or without any mediation.<ref>Ranjbar, "Barisī wa taḥqīq pīrāmūn-i wazhih waḥy dar Qurʾān", p. 15.</ref> | ||
===Miracle=== | ===Miracle=== | ||
{{main|Miracle}} | {{main|Miracle}} | ||
Miracle refers to an extraordinary act performed by prophets to prove their prophethood—such acts are the ones that cannot be done by ordinary people. Various verses of the [[Qur'an]] refer to miracles by prophets. The majority of [[Shiite]] theologians believe that miracles are directly performed by God. On the contrary, the majority of the philosophers maintain that prophets can perform miracles because of the extraordinary power of their souls. | Miracle refers to an extraordinary act performed by prophets to prove their prophethood—such acts are the ones that cannot be done by ordinary people.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Nukat al-iʿtiqādīyya'', p. 35.</ref> Various verses of the [[Qur'an]] refer to miracles by prophets.<ref>Qadrdān Malikī, "Chīstī wa fāʿil-i muʿjizih", p. 48.</ref> The majority of [[Shiite]] theologians believe that miracles are directly performed by God. On the contrary, the majority of the philosophers maintain that prophets can perform miracles because of the extraordinary power of their souls.<ref>Qadrdān Malikī, "Chīstī wa fāʿil-i muʿjizih", p. 48.</ref> | ||
===Infallibility=== | ===Infallibility=== | ||
{{main|Infallibility}} | {{main|Infallibility}} | ||
According to Shiite [[Theology|theologians]], infallibility is a grace bestowed by God, and according to philosophers, it is an internal power within the prophets which helps them avoid [[sin]]s or disobedience of God, although they have the power to do so. | According to Shiite [[Theology|theologians]], infallibility is a grace bestowed by God, and according to philosophers, it is an internal power within the prophets which helps them avoid [[sin]]s or disobedience of God, although they have the power to do so.<ref>Sīlānī, "Falsafi-yi ʿiṣmat-i Anbyāʾ wa Imāmān", p. 76-77.</ref> | ||
Some Shiite [[muhaddith]]s, such as [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]], believe that prophets become infallible from the beginning of their prophethood. According to al-Saduq, the prophet might make inadvertent mistakes ("sahw"). However, [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]], a prominent student of al-Shaykh al-Saduq, criticized his teacher's view, considering the theory of inadvertent mistakes to fail to acknowledge the place of prophets. Al-Shaykh al-Mufid takes the infallibility of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] to be superior and more wide-ranging than that of other prophets. | Some Shiite [[muhaddith]]s, such as [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]], believe that prophets become infallible from the beginning of their prophethood. According to al-Saduq, the prophet might make inadvertent mistakes ("sahw").<ref>Pīrmurādī, "ʿIṣmat-i Rasūl-i Khudā dar Qurʾān", p. 54, 55.</ref> However, [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]], a prominent student of al-Shaykh al-Saduq, criticized his teacher's view, considering the theory of inadvertent mistakes to fail to acknowledge the place of prophets. Al-Shaykh al-Mufid takes the infallibility of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] to be superior and more wide-ranging than that of other prophets.<ref>Pīrmurādī, "ʿIṣmat-i Rasūl-i Khudā dar Qurʾān", p. 54, 55.</ref> | ||
==Prophets== | ==Prophets== | ||
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The first prophet was [[Adam (a)]] who was created, together with his wife, [[Eve]], in [[Heaven of Adam (a)|heaven]], and was ousted from there because of eating the "[[Forbidden Tree|forbidden fruit]]". And the last prophet was Muhammad (s) who was born in 570 in [[Mecca]]. | The first prophet was [[Adam (a)]] who was created, together with his wife, [[Eve]], in [[Heaven of Adam (a)|heaven]], and was ousted from there because of eating the "[[Forbidden Tree|forbidden fruit]]". And the last prophet was Muhammad (s) who was born in 570 in [[Mecca]]. | ||
5 prophets are considered as [[Ulu l-'Azm]], that is, they brought a new [[religion]] with new rulings. Other prophets [[propagation|propagated]] the religion of their Ulu al-'Azm predecessors. Prophets have different degrees. The Qur'an has only mentioned 26 prophets. | 5 prophets are considered as [[Ulu l-'Azm]], that is, they brought a new [[religion]] with new rulings. Other prophets [[propagation|propagated]] the religion of their Ulu al-'Azm predecessors.<ref>Sabziwārī, ''Shrḥ al-asmāʾ al-ḥusnā'', p. 552, 553.</ref> Prophets have different degrees.<ref>Qurʾān, 2:253 .</ref> The Qur'an has only mentioned 26 prophets. | ||
In most of the [[hadith]]s, the number of prophets is said to be 124000, 313 of which are "rasuls". According to other hadiths, there were 8000 prophets. According to [[al-'Allama al-Majlisi]], these 8000 people were prominent prophets. | In most of the [[hadith]]s, the number of prophets is said to be 124000, 313 of which are "rasuls". According to other hadiths, there were 8000 prophets. According to [[al-'Allama al-Majlisi]], these 8000 people were prominent prophets.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 11, p. 31.</ref> | ||
===Prophets who Had a Divine Book=== | ===Prophets who Had a Divine Book=== | ||
Some prophets had a divine book. Divine messages they received were collected in a sacred or a divine book and served as the main source for their followers to act upon. Some prophets who had a divine book include: Noah (a), Ibrahim (a) ([[Suhuf of Ibraham (a)|Suhuf]] or Scrolls of Abraham), [[David (a)]] ([[Zabur]]), [[Moses (a)]] ([[Torah]]), Jesus (a) ([[Gospel]]), and Muhammad (s) (the Qur'an). | Some prophets had a divine book. Divine messages they received were collected in a sacred or a divine book and served as the main source for their followers to act upon. Some prophets who had a divine book include: Noah (a), Ibrahim (a) ([[Suhuf of Ibraham (a)|Suhuf]] or Scrolls of Abraham), [[David (a)]] ([[Zabur]]), [[Moses (a)]] ([[Torah]]), Jesus (a) ([[Gospel]]), and Muhammad (s) (the Qur'an).<ref>See: Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 240.</ref> | ||
==The Finality of Prophethood== | ==The Finality of Prophethood== | ||
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Khatamiyya (or Finality of Prophethood) is a theological notion and a doctrine shared by all Muslims. According to this doctrine, there will be no prophets after the Prophet Muhammad (s) and thus, there will be no new religion after [[Islam]]. The term has its origin in the Qur'an. According to the verse 40 of [[Sura al-Ahzab]], Muhammad (s) was the last prophet. | Khatamiyya (or Finality of Prophethood) is a theological notion and a doctrine shared by all Muslims. According to this doctrine, there will be no prophets after the Prophet Muhammad (s) and thus, there will be no new religion after [[Islam]]. The term has its origin in the Qur'an. According to the verse 40 of [[Sura al-Ahzab]], Muhammad (s) was the last prophet. | ||
The belief in the finality of prophethood was a widely-accepted doctrine both in the period of the Prophet Muhammad (s) and later periods. It has always been considered as an essential part of Islam, that is, if someone denies the finality of prophethood, then they will be [[excommunication|excommunicated]] from Islam and it would be as if they have not accepted the prophethood of the Prophet Muhammad (s). | The belief in the finality of prophethood was a widely-accepted doctrine both in the period of the Prophet Muhammad (s) and later periods.<ref>Āmadī, ''Ghāyat al-marām'', p. 360.</ref> It has always been considered as an essential part of Islam, that is, if someone denies the finality of prophethood, then they will be [[excommunication|excommunicated]] from Islam and it would be as if they have not accepted the prophethood of the Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>Baghdādī, Kitāb uṣūl al-dīn, p. 162; also see: Fāḍil al-mighdād, ''al-Iʿtimād fī sharḥ wājib al-iʿtiqād'', p. 84; Ālūsī, ''Rūḥ al-maʿānī'', vol. 22, p. 34.</ref> | ||
==Imamate== | ==Imamate== | ||