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{{Infobox person | |||
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| known for = Mother of Jesus | |||
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| Epithet = Al-Batul, al-'Adhra, ... | |||
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| Wellknown Relatives = 'Imran (father), Hanna (mother), Jesus (son) | |||
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| Places of Residence = <!--if there is more than one place of residence--> | |||
| Place of Residence = Jerusalem | |||
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'''Maryam bt. 'Imrān''' (Arabic: {{ia|مریم بنت عمران}}), or '''Mary''' was the mother of [[Jesus]] the prophet, whose pregnancy occurred in a miraculous way. The story of her life, from her birth to the birth of her son, Jesus, is narrated in [[Sura Maryam]] of the [[Qur'an]]. In [[Shiite]] and [[Sunni]] hadiths, Maryam is considered as one of the [[four superior women]] in the [[Heaven]] along with [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]], [[Khadija bt. Khuwaylid]], and [[Asiya]]. | '''Maryam bt. 'Imrān''' (Arabic: {{ia|مریم بنت عمران}}), or '''Mary''' was the mother of [[Jesus]] the prophet, whose pregnancy occurred in a miraculous way. The story of her life, from her birth to the birth of her son, Jesus, is narrated in [[Sura Maryam]] of the [[Qur'an]]. In [[Shiite]] and [[Sunni]] hadiths, Maryam is considered as one of the [[four superior women]] in the [[Heaven]] along with [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]], [[Khadija bt. Khuwaylid]], and [[Asiya]]. | ||
== | ==Birth and Lineage== | ||
There is no mention of Maryam's life in the [[Gospel]], but other Christian sources as well as the Qur'an and Islamic hadiths have provided information about Maryam's life. | There is no mention of Maryam's life in the [[Gospel]], but other Christian sources as well as the Qur'an and Islamic hadiths have provided information about Maryam's life. | ||
In Christian sources, her father's name is said to be "Joachim", and in the Qur'an and Islamic hadiths, he is mentioned as "'Imran". According to a hadith from [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]], 'Imran was an Israelite prophet. According to Ibn Ishaq's report, his lineage goes back to [[David]] the prophet. 'Imran died before the birth of Maryam. Her mother is said to be Anne, which is transformed in Arabic as "Hanna" (Arabic: {{ia|حنة}}) the daughter of Faqud. | In Christian sources, her father's name is said to be "Joachim", and in the Qur'an and Islamic hadiths, he is mentioned as "'Imran". According to a hadith from [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]], 'Imran was an Israelite prophet. According to Ibn Ishaq's report, his lineage goes back to [[David]] the prophet. 'Imran died before the birth of Maryam. Her mother is said to be Anne, which is transformed in Arabic as "Hanna" (Arabic: {{ia|حنة}}) the daughter of Faqud. | ||
In Christian texts, Maryam has been referred to by numerous titles, such as the New Eve, Virgin Mary, Mother of God, the Intercessor, Mother of Divine Providence, the Seat of Wisdom, the Spiritual Vessel, the Mystic Rose, the Ark of the Covenant, the Queen of Angels, and Our Lady of Sorrows. She is also referred to in Islamic texts as "'Adhra'" (Chaste) and "Batul" (a chaste woman who has never married). | In Christian texts, Maryam has been referred to by numerous titles, such as the New Eve, Virgin Mary, Mother of God, the Intercessor, Mother of Divine Providence, the Seat of Wisdom, the Spiritual Vessel, the Mystic Rose, the Ark of the Covenant, the Queen of Angels, and Our Lady of Sorrows. She is also referred to in Islamic texts as "al-'Adhra'" (Chaste) and "al-Batul" (a chaste woman who has never married). | ||
Maryam is said to be born 20 years before the birth of Jesus. However, there is no information about where she was born. | Maryam is said to be born 20 years before the birth of Jesus. However, there is no information about where she was born. | ||
==Servant at Jerusalem== | ==Servant at Jerusalem== | ||
[' | According to sources, Hanna, the mother of Maryam, was sterile. She could not give birth to any children until the age of 30. She prayed to God and asked Him to give her a child. Her prayer was answered and she became pregnant with Maryam. Hanna vowed to God that her child will serve [[Jerusalem]]. Verses 35 to 37 of [[Sura Al 'Imran]] refer to Hanna's vow and its acceptance by God.{{enote|{{ia|إِذ قالَتِ امرَأَتُ عِمرانَ رَبِّ إِنّي نَذَرتُ لَكَ ما في بَطني مُحَرَّرًا فَتَقَبَّل مِنّي إِنَّكَ أَنتَ السَّميعُ العَليمُ (۳۵) فَلَمّا وَضَعَتها قالَت رَبِّ إِنّي وَضَعتُها أُنثىٰ وَاللَّهُ أَعلَمُ بِما وَضَعَت وَلَيسَ الذَّكَرُ كَالأُنثىٰ وَإِنّي سَمَّيتُها مَريَمَ وَإِنّي أُعيذُها بِكَ وَذُرِّيَّتَها مِنَ الشَّيطانِ الرَّجيمِ (۳۶) فَتَقَبَّلَها رَبُّها بِقَبولٍ حَسَنٍ وَأَنبَتَها نَباتًا حَسَنًا وَكَفَّلَها زَكَرِيّا كُلَّما دَخَلَ عَلَيها زَكَرِيَّا المِحرابَ وَجَدَ عِندَها رِزقًا قالَ يا مَريَمُ أَنّىٰ لَكِ هٰذا قالَت هُوَ مِن عِندِ اللَّهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَرزُقُ مَن يَشاءُ بِغَيرِ حِسابٍ (۳۷)}}<br>When the wife of Imran said, 'My Lord, I dedicate to You what is in my belly, in consecration. Accept it from me; indeed You are the All-hearing, the All-knowing.' (35) And when she bore her, she said, 'My Lord, I have borne a female [child]' —and Allah knew better what she had borne— 'and the female is not like the male. I have named her Mary, and I commend her and her offspring to Your care against [the evil of] the outcast Satan.' (36) Thereupon her Lord accepted her with a gracious acceptance, and made her grow up in a worthy fashion, and He charged Zechariah with her care. Whenever Zechariah visited her in the sanctuary, he would find provisions with her. He said, 'O Mary, from where does this come for you?' She said, 'It comes from Allah. Allah provides whomever He wishes without any reckoning.' (37) (Quran 3:35-37)}} | ||
After Maryam's birth, her mother took her to the temple and left her with the priests there. They disagreed about who should be in charge of her. They drew lots for selecting the person who could take care of Maryam, and [[Zechariah]] (Zakariyya) the prophet won the lottery. He was, according to some sources, the husband of Maryam's maternal aunt. The Qur'an has pointed to the story of the lottery.{{enote|{{ia|ذٰلِكَ مِن أَنباءِ الغَيبِ نوحيهِ إِلَيكَ وَما كُنتَ لَدَيهِم إِذ يُلقونَ أَقلامَهُم أَيُّهُم يَكفُلُ مَريَمَ وَما كُنتَ لَدَيهِم إِذ يَختَصِمونَ}}<br>These accounts are from the Unseen, which We reveal to you, and you were not with them when they were casting lots [to see] which of them would take charge of Mary's care, nor were you with them when they were contending. (Quran 3:44)}} According to al-Maqdisi's report, Zechariah provided her with milk and training, and when she grew up, he selected a place for her in the temple where she worshiped God and served the temple when it was her turn. She worshiped so much that she came to be known among the Israelites as an exemplary worshiper. | |||
After Maryam's birth, her mother took her to the temple and left her with the priests there. They disagreed about who should be in charge of her. They drew lots for selecting the person who could take care of Maryam, and [[Zechariah]] (Zakariyya) the prophet won the lottery. He was, according to some sources, the husband of Maryam's maternal aunt. The Qur'an has pointed to the story of the lottery. According to al- | |||
==Birth of Jesus== | ==Birth of Jesus== | ||
The story of the birth of Jesus appears in [[Sura Al 'Imran]] of the Qur'an, verses 45-47 and 59, as well as [[Sura Maryam]], verses 16-36. According to the Qur'an, a divine angel appears to Maryam in a human form and gives her the good news of a child: | The story of the birth of Jesus appears in [[Sura Al 'Imran]] of the Qur'an, verses 45-47 and 59, as well as [[Sura Maryam]], verses 16-36. According to the Qur'an, a divine angel appears to Maryam in a human form and gives her the good news of a child: | ||
{{pull quote | |||
|We sent to her Our spirit, and there appeared to her a well-made man. (17) She said: Surely I fly for refuge from you to the Beneficent Allah, if you are fearful (of God). (18) He said: I am only a messenger of your Lord: That I will give you a pure boy. (19) She said: How shall I have a boy and no man has yet touched me, nor have I been unchaste? (20) He said: Even so; your Lord says: It is easy to Me. And so that We may make him a sign for mankind and a mercy from Us, and it is a matter [already] decided. (21) | |||
|author=Quran 19:17-21}} | |||
Similar sentences can be found in the [[Gospel of Luke]]. | Similar sentences can be found in the [[Gospel of Luke]]. | ||
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There is a disagreement among Christian denominations over whether Maryam married [[Saint Joseph]], the carpenter, who is referred to as Maryam's fiancé, or she remained a virgin forever. Moreover, there is a disagreement over whether she had children other than Jesus as well. In the Gospels of Luke and Mathew, there are verses seemingly about Jesus's brothers and sisters. The Gospel of Mark has even mentioned the names of Jesus's brothers and pointed to his sisters. However, some Christians have rejected the claim that Jesus had any siblings. The Church has officially announced since the 5th century that Mary always remained a virgin and that she never married Joseph. For Catholic and Orthodox Churches, the Biblical reference to Jesus's siblings is a metaphorical way of referring to his kin. | There is a disagreement among Christian denominations over whether Maryam married [[Saint Joseph]], the carpenter, who is referred to as Maryam's fiancé, or she remained a virgin forever. Moreover, there is a disagreement over whether she had children other than Jesus as well. In the Gospels of Luke and Mathew, there are verses seemingly about Jesus's brothers and sisters. The Gospel of Mark has even mentioned the names of Jesus's brothers and pointed to his sisters. However, some Christians have rejected the claim that Jesus had any siblings. The Church has officially announced since the 5th century that Mary always remained a virgin and that she never married Joseph. For Catholic and Orthodox Churches, the Biblical reference to Jesus's siblings is a metaphorical way of referring to his kin. | ||
According to some | According to some scholars, Islamic sources also deny the story of Maryam's marriage because she was a permanent servant of the temple, and never left the temple except for urgencies, including giving birth to Jesus. | ||
==Death or Ascending to the Heaven== | ==Death or Ascending to the Heaven== | ||
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==Significance== | ==Significance== | ||
Maryam is of particular significance in both Islam and Christianity | Maryam is of particular significance in both Islam and Christianity. | ||
===In Islam=== | ===In Islam=== | ||
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Maryam has a crucial role in the Christian Theology. In fact, there is a branch of theology under Mariology which is concerned with the character and role of Maryam. Her role began to be appreciated since the Middle Ages. She was considered to have a position lower than divinity and higher and more sacred than angels and saints. It was publicly believed at the time that angels and saints were servants of Maryam. | Maryam has a crucial role in the Christian Theology. In fact, there is a branch of theology under Mariology which is concerned with the character and role of Maryam. Her role began to be appreciated since the Middle Ages. She was considered to have a position lower than divinity and higher and more sacred than angels and saints. It was publicly believed at the time that angels and saints were servants of Maryam. | ||
Moreover, in some communities, such as the Christians of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], people believed in [[Trinity]] and worshiped Maryam along with God and Jesus. It is said that the Virgin Mary was worshiped until the 16th century in some cities of Europe. The belief has been condemned in the Qur'an. | Moreover, in some communities, such as the Christians of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], people believed in [[Trinity]] and worshiped Maryam along with God and Jesus. It is said that the Virgin Mary was worshiped until the 16th century in some cities of Europe. The belief has been condemned in the Qur'an.{{enote|{{ia|وَإِذ قالَ اللَّهُ يا عيسَى ابنَ مَريَمَ أَأَنتَ قُلتَ لِلنّاسِ اتَّخِذوني وَأُمِّيَ إِلٰهَينِ مِن دونِ اللَّهِ قالَ سُبحانَكَ ما يَكونُ لي أَن أَقولَ ما لَيسَ لي بِحَقٍّ إِن كُنتُ قُلتُهُ فَقَد عَلِمتَهُ تَعلَمُ ما في نَفسي وَلا أَعلَمُ ما في نَفسِكَ إِنَّكَ أَنتَ عَلّامُ الغُيوبِ (۱۱۶) ما قُلتُ لَهُم إِلّا ما أَمَرتَني بِهِ أَنِ اعبُدُوا اللَّهَ رَبّي وَرَبَّكُم وَكُنتُ عَلَيهِم شَهيدًا ما دُمتُ فيهِم فَلَمّا تَوَفَّيتَني كُنتَ أَنتَ الرَّقيبَ عَلَيهِم وَأَنتَ عَلىٰ كُلِّ شَيءٍ شَهيدٌ (۱۱۷) إِن تُعَذِّبهُم فَإِنَّهُم عِبادُكَ وَإِن تَغفِر لَهُم فَإِنَّكَ أَنتَ العَزيزُ الحَكيمُ (۱۱۸)}}<br>And when Allah will say, 'O Jesus son of Mary! Was it you who said to the people, "Take me and my mother for gods besides Allah"?' He will say, 'Immaculate are You! It does not behoove me to say what I have no right to [say]. Had I said it, You would certainly have known it: You know whatever is in my self, and I do not know what is in Your Self. Indeed You are knower of all that is Unseen. (116) I did not say to them [anything] except what You had commanded me [to say]: "Worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord." And I was a witness to them so long as I was among them. But when You had taken me away, You Yourself were watchful over them, and You are witness to all things. (117) If You punish them, they are indeed Your creatures; but if You forgive them, You are indeed the All-mighty, the All-wise.' (118) (Quran 5:116-118)}} | ||
What is more, the [[infallibility]] of Maryam was discussed in the Middle Ages, and eventually, in 1854, the belief has been announced by the Catholic Church as an infallible doctrine. However, the Orthodox Church denied Maryam's infallibility. | What is more, the [[infallibility]] of Maryam was discussed in the Middle Ages, and eventually, in 1854, the belief has been announced by the Catholic Church as an infallible doctrine. However, the Orthodox Church denied Maryam's infallibility. | ||
==Maryam in Persian Artistic Works== | ==Maryam in Persian Artistic Works== | ||
* The Persian Movie, ''Maryam Muqaddas'': the movie was directed by Shahriar Bahrani in 2000. The movie portrays the life of Maryam from her own birth to the birth of Jesus the Christ. It also portrays Maryam's relationship with the prophet Zechariah. Over 90 actors and actresses played in this movie. Maryam was played by the actress, Shabnam Gholikhani. Later, the movie was also presented as a TV series in 11 episodes. In the series, religious and social circumstances of the Jews were portrayed along with Maryam's life. | * The Persian Movie, ''Maryam-i Muqaddas'': the movie was directed by Shahriar Bahrani in 2000. The movie portrays the life of Maryam from her own birth to the birth of Jesus the Christ. It also portrays Maryam's relationship with the prophet Zechariah. Over 90 actors and actresses played in this movie. Maryam was played by the actress, Shabnam Gholikhani. Later, the movie was also presented as a TV series in 11 episodes. In the series, religious and social circumstances of the Jews were portrayed along with Maryam's life. | ||
* Maryam in Persian poems: in many Persian poems, the story of Maryam's miraculous pregnancy as well as her chastity are narrated. The third part ("daftar") of [[Rumi]]'s ''[[Mathnawi]]'', the story of the appearance of the [[Holy Spirit]] to Maryam in the form of a human being is narrated. There are verses in ''Diwan-i Shams'' in which Maryam is referred to. | * Maryam in Persian poems: in many Persian poems, the story of Maryam's miraculous pregnancy as well as her chastity are narrated. The third part ("daftar") of [[Rumi]]'s ''[[Mathnawi]]'', the story of the appearance of the [[Holy Spirit]] to Maryam in the form of a human being is narrated. There are verses in ''Diwan-i Shams'' in which Maryam is referred to. | ||
Poets such as [[Nizami]], [['Attar]], [[Sana'i]], and other Persian poets have referred to Maryam in their poems. | Poets such as [[Nizami]], [['Attar]], [[Sana'i]], and other Persian poets have referred to Maryam in their poems. | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{notes}} | |||
[[fa:مریم دختر عمران]] | [[fa:مریم دختر عمران]] | ||