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'''Al-Marjaʿīyya al-Dīnīyya''' (Arabic: {{ia|المَرجَعیّة الدینیة}}, literally: religious authority) or '''Marjaʿ''' (Arabic: {{ia|مرجع}}) is a [[mujtahid]] whose [[fatwa]]s about [[Fiqh|jurisprudential]] issues are followed and acted upon by some [[Shi'a]]s and who receives [[al-wujuhat al-shar'iyya]] (judicial alms) from his followers. Al-Marja'iyya is the highest religious ranking for [[Twelver Shi'a]]s. The position is not held by appointment. The Shi'as usually identify the person who qualifies as an authority by asking religious scholars and clergy. The most crucial condition for qualifying for al-Marja'iyya is [[a'lamiyya|scholarly superiority]] to other mujtahids. The followers of al-Marja'iyya are called his "Muqallids" (followers). Jurisprudential views of al-Marja'iyya are usually collected in a book known as [[al-Risalat al-'Amaliyya]] (book of fatwas). | '''Al-Marjaʿīyya al-Dīnīyya''' (Arabic: {{ia|المَرجَعیّة الدینیة}}, literally: religious authority) or '''Marjaʿ''' (Arabic: {{ia|مرجع}}) is a [[mujtahid]] whose [[fatwa]]s about [[Fiqh|jurisprudential]] issues are followed and acted upon by some [[Shi'a]]s and who receives [[al-wujuhat al-shar'iyya]] (judicial alms) from his followers. Al-Marja'iyya is the highest religious ranking for [[Twelver Shi'a]]s. The position is not held by appointment. The Shi'as usually identify the person who qualifies as an authority by asking religious scholars and clergy. The most crucial condition for qualifying for al-Marja'iyya is [[a'lamiyya|scholarly superiority]] to other mujtahids. The followers of al-Marja'iyya are called his "Muqallids" (followers). Jurisprudential views of al-Marja'iyya are usually collected in a book known as [[al-Risalat al-'Amaliyya]] (book of fatwas). | ||
Given the geographical distribution of the Shiite population, several mujtahids usually undertake the position of Marja'iyya in each period, and in very few cases, one mujtahid is considered by the majority of the Shi'as in the world as the absolute authority. These mujtahids are usually referred to by honorary titles, such as Grand Ayatollah and [[Ayatollah]]. Most of the Shiite authorities were based in [[Iraq]] ([[Najaf]], [[Karbala]], and [[Samarra]]) and [[Iran]] ([[Qom]], [[Mashhad]], [[Isfahan]], and [[Tehran]]). | Given the geographical distribution of the [[Shiite]] population, several mujtahids usually undertake the position of Marja'iyya in each period, and in very few cases, one mujtahid is considered by the majority of the Shi'as in the world as the absolute authority. These mujtahids are usually referred to by honorary titles, such as Grand Ayatollah and [[Ayatollah]]. Most of the Shiite authorities were based in [[Iraq]] ([[Najaf]], [[Karbala]], and [[Samarra]]) and [[Iran]] ([[Qom]], [[Mashhad]], [[Isfahan]], and [[Tehran]]). | ||
The most prominent recent Shiite authorities were [[Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi]] known as the author of ''[[Jawahir al-kalam]]'', [[Shaykh Murtada Ansari]], [[Sayyid Muhammad Hasan Shirazi]] (who issued the fatwa of [[Tobacco Movement|prohibition of tobacco]]), [[Akhund Khurasani]], [[Sayyid Husayn Burujirdi]], [[Sayyid Muhsin Hakim]], and [[Sayyid Ruh Allah Khumayni]] (the founder of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]]). | The most prominent recent Shiite authorities were [[Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi]] known as the author of ''[[Jawahir al-kalam]]'', [[Shaykh Murtada Ansari]], [[Sayyid Muhammad Hasan Shirazi]] (who issued the fatwa of [[Tobacco Movement|prohibition of tobacco]]), [[Akhund Khurasani]], [[Sayyid Husayn Burujirdi]], [[Sayyid Muhsin Hakim]], and [[Sayyid Ruh Allah Khumayni]] (the founder of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]]). | ||
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==The Influence of Marja'iyya== | ==The Influence of Marja'iyya== | ||
Shiite authorities usually have a strong influence on their followers and even all the Shi'as, and thus, they can establish their social and political views. For example, after the [[fatwa]] of [[Sayyid Muhammad Mujahid]], a great number of the Shi'as went to war against the Russians; the fatwa of the tobacco ban by [[Mirza Shirazi]] led to the abolishment of the tobacco monopoly in Iran; and [[June 5, 1963 Demonstrations]] in Iran to protest the arrest of [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]. | [[Shiite]] authorities usually have a strong influence on their followers and even all the Shi'as, and thus, they can establish their social and political views. For example, after the [[fatwa]] of [[Sayyid Muhammad Mujahid]], a great number of the Shi'as went to war against the Russians; the fatwa of the tobacco ban by [[Mirza Shirazi]] led to the abolishment of the tobacco monopoly in Iran; and [[June 5, 1963 Demonstrations]] in Iran to protest the arrest of [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]. | ||
According to the Sunni scholar, [[Muhammad Rashid Rida]], no Sunni scholar has had the influence of Shiite mujtahids—especially those educated in the Islamic seminary of Najaf—neither alone nor collectively. He mentions as examples the boycott of elections in Iraq in the period of the [[King Faisal]] and the tobacco ban by Mirza Shirazi. Samuel Benjamin, a US envoy to Iran, said that the most important mujtahid in Tehran commutes with a mule and only has one servant, but he can topple down the king with one word. | According to the Sunni scholar, [[Muhammad Rashid Rida]], no Sunni scholar has had the influence of Shiite mujtahids—especially those educated in the Islamic seminary of Najaf—neither alone nor collectively. He mentions as examples the boycott of elections in Iraq in the period of the [[King Faisal]] and the tobacco ban by Mirza Shirazi. Samuel Benjamin, a US envoy to Iran, said that the most important mujtahid in Tehran commutes with a mule and only has one servant, but he can topple down the king with one word. | ||
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After the death of Ayatollah Burujirdi, Marja'iyya was not concentrated in a single person. There were a number of Shiite authorities in Iran and Iraq in this period. Although in the early years of this period, [[Sayyid Muhsin al-Hakim]] (d. 1390/1970) in Najaf was more outstanding than others, late in this period of 33 years, [[Sayyid Ruh Allah Khomeini]] (d. 1409/1989), the founder of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]], turned into the most widely accepted Shiite authority in Iran and [[Sayyid Abu l-Qasim Khu'i]] turned into the most influential Najaf-based Shiite authority. | After the death of Ayatollah Burujirdi, Marja'iyya was not concentrated in a single person. There were a number of Shiite authorities in Iran and Iraq in this period. Although in the early years of this period, [[Sayyid Muhsin al-Hakim]] (d. 1390/1970) in Najaf was more outstanding than others, late in this period of 33 years, [[Sayyid Ruh Allah Khomeini]] (d. 1409/1989), the founder of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]], turned into the most widely accepted Shiite authority in Iran and [[Sayyid Abu l-Qasim Khu'i]] turned into the most influential Najaf-based Shiite authority. | ||
After the death of Sayyid Abu l-Qasim Khu'i in 1413/1992, | After the death of Sayyid Abu l-Qasim Khu'i in 1413/1992, the global Shiite authority was concentrated in Qom for three years. This was because of the death of Shiite authorities in Najaf, the deportation of many Iranian scholars from the Islamic Seminary of Najaf, and the restrictions imposed by the ruling [[Ba'ath Party]] in Iraq. The compulsory migration of Najaf-based Iranian scholars led to the thriving of the Islamic Seminary of Qom and the weakness of the Islamic Seminary of Najaf. In this rather short period, [[Sayyid Muhammad Rida Gulpayigani]] and [[Muhammad 'Ali Araki]] were the most prominent Shiite authorities. | ||
The period of the contemporary Marja'iyya began after the death of Muhammad 'Ali Araki (1415/1994). In this period, a number of mujtahids in Iran, Iraq, [[Lebanon]], and [[Pakistan]] have been the Shiite authorities. | The period of the contemporary Marja'iyya began after the death of Muhammad 'Ali Araki (1415/1994). In this period, a number of mujtahids in Iran, Iraq, [[Lebanon]], and [[Pakistan]] have been the Shiite authorities. | ||
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==Marja'iyya in Iraq== | ==Marja'iyya in Iraq== | ||
The global concentrated Marja'iyya began in the Islamic Seminary of Najaf in the 13th/19th century with [[Sahib al-Jawahir]] and [[Shaykh Murtada Ansari]]. Since then, Shiite authorities were always based in Iraq, and in particular, in Najaf. In addition to Najaf, some Shiite authorities resided in Karbala. In the period of Mirza Shirazi, the Shiite authority moved to [[Samarra]]. [[Akhud Khurasani]], [[Sayyid Kazim Yazdi]], and [[Sayyid Abu l-Hasan Isfahani]] were Shiite authorities in Najaf. In the years 1365/1945 - 1380/1960, the Shiite authority was concentrated in [[Ayatollah Burujirdi]] in Qom, but at the same time, [[Sayyid Muhsin Hakim]] (d. 1970) and [[Sayyid Mahmud al-Husayni al-Shahrudi]] (d. 1974) were followed by some Shiite populations. When Ayatollah Burujirdi died in 1961, Hakim, Shahrudi, and Sayyid Abu l-Qasim al-Khu'i (d. 1992) undertook the Shiite authority in Najaf. Because of the long period between the deaths of Shahrudi and Khu'i, Ayatollah Khu'i turned into one of the most influential Shiite authorities. From 1965 to 1979, Ayatollah Sayyid Ruh Allah Khomeini was banished from Iran to Iraq and lived in Najaf. | The global concentrated Marja'iyya began in the Islamic Seminary of Najaf in the 13th/19th century with [[Sahib al-Jawahir]] and [[Shaykh Murtada Ansari]]. Since then, [[Shiite]] authorities were always based in Iraq, and in particular, in Najaf. In addition to Najaf, some Shiite authorities resided in Karbala. In the period of Mirza Shirazi, the Shiite authority moved to [[Samarra]]. [[Akhud Khurasani]], [[Sayyid Kazim Yazdi]], and [[Sayyid Abu l-Hasan Isfahani]] were Shiite authorities in Najaf. In the years 1365/1945 - 1380/1960, the Shiite authority was concentrated in [[Ayatollah Burujirdi]] in Qom, but at the same time, [[Sayyid Muhsin Hakim]] (d. 1970) and [[Sayyid Mahmud al-Husayni al-Shahrudi]] (d. 1974) were followed by some Shiite populations. When Ayatollah Burujirdi died in 1961, Hakim, Shahrudi, and Sayyid Abu l-Qasim al-Khu'i (d. 1992) undertook the Shiite authority in Najaf. Because of the long period between the deaths of Shahrudi and Khu'i, Ayatollah Khu'i turned into one of the most influential Shiite authorities. From 1965 to 1979, Ayatollah Sayyid Ruh Allah Khomeini was banished from Iran to Iraq and lived in Najaf. | ||
In 1970s, the Iraqi government deported many Iraq-based Iranians which led to the compulsory migration of some teachers and students of the Islamic Seminary of Najaf to Iran, and in particular, to the Islamic Seminary of Qom. (See: [[al-Mu'awidun]]) After the victory of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran]] and the crackdowns of the Islamic Seminary of Najaf by the Ba'ath Government, the future of Marja'iyya changed. Marja'iyya | In 1970s, the Iraqi government deported many Iraq-based Iranians which led to the compulsory migration of some teachers and students of the Islamic Seminary of Najaf to Iran, and in particular, to the Islamic Seminary of Qom. (See: [[al-Mu'awidun]]) After the victory of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran]] and the crackdowns of the Islamic Seminary of Najaf by the Ba'ath Government, the future of Marja'iyya changed. Marja'iyya has become more concentrated in Iran ever since. | ||
After [[1991 Uprisings in Iraq]], the Iraqi government increased the crackdown on the Islamic Seminary of Najaf. In the early years after the deaths of Khu'i and Muhammad 'Ali Araki, two of Khu'i's students ([['Ali Gharawi Tabrizi]] and [[Murtada Burujirdi]]), who were candidates for Marja'iyya, were assassinated and killed. After a while, [[Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr]], a student of [[Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]], whose Marja'iyya was accepted by some Shi'as, was also killed. These assassinations and pressures practically isolated the Islamic Seminary of Najaf. However, part of the Shiite Marja'iyya have survived in Najaf. | After [[1991 Uprisings in Iraq]], the Iraqi government increased the crackdown on the Islamic Seminary of Najaf. In the early years after the deaths of Khu'i and Muhammad 'Ali Araki, two of Khu'i's students ([['Ali Gharawi Tabrizi]] and [[Murtada Burujirdi]]), who were candidates for Marja'iyya, were assassinated and killed. After a while, [[Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr]], a student of [[Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]], whose Marja'iyya was accepted by some Shi'as, was also killed. These assassinations and pressures practically isolated the Islamic Seminary of Najaf. However, part of the Shiite Marja'iyya have survived in Najaf. | ||
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==Marja'iyya In Iran== | ==Marja'iyya In Iran== | ||
In the recent period, the Islamic Seminary of Qom was established after the migration of [['Abd al-Karim al-Ha'iri al-Yazdi]] in 1340/1921. When he migrated to Qom, part of the Shiite authority moved to Iran. He was alive until 1937. After him, three prominent teachers of the Islamic Seminary of Qom administered the seminary: [[Sayyid Sadr al-Din Sadr]], [[Sayyid Muhammad Taqi Khwansari]], and [[Sayyid Muhammad Hujjat]]. None of them had a global | In the recent period, the Islamic Seminary of Qom was established after the migration of [['Abd al-Karim al-Ha'iri al-Yazdi]] in 1340/1921. When he migrated to Qom, part of the Shiite authority moved to Iran. He was alive until 1937. After him, three prominent teachers of the Islamic Seminary of Qom administered the seminary: [[Sayyid Sadr al-Din Sadr]], [[Sayyid Muhammad Taqi Khwansari]], and [[Sayyid Muhammad Hujjat]]. None of them had a global authority, however. In this period, the Shiite authority was mainly concentered in the Islamic Seminary of Najaf, and in particular, [[Sayyid Abu l-Hasan Isfahani]] (d. 1365/1946). | ||
In 1364/1945 at the request of a group of scholars in the Islamic Seminary of Qom, Sayyid Husayn Tabataba'i Burujirdi, a student of [[Akhund Khurasani]], migrated to Qom. After Isfahani, he had a global, wide-ranging Marja'iyya. It can be said that late in his life, there was no other influential authority in Iraq or Iran. | In 1364/1945 at the request of a group of scholars in the Islamic Seminary of Qom, Sayyid Husayn Tabataba'i Burujirdi, a student of [[Akhund Khurasani]], migrated to Qom. After Isfahani, he had a global, wide-ranging Marja'iyya. It can be said that late in his life, there was no other influential authority in Iraq or Iran. | ||
Burujirdi's presence in Qom led to the thriving of the Islamic Seminary of Qom. After his death, a number of mujtahids were introduced as Shiite authorities. Other than [[Sayyid Muhammad Hadi Milani|Ayatollah Milani]] in [[Mashhad]], | Burujirdi's presence in Qom led to the thriving of the Islamic Seminary of Qom. After his death, a number of mujtahids were introduced as Shiite authorities. Other than [[Sayyid Muhammad Hadi Milani|Ayatollah Milani]] in [[Mashhad]], Iran-based authorities resided in Qom. Here are the most important figures: [[Sayyid Ahmad Khwansari]] (d. 1985), [[Sayyid Kazim Shari'atmadari]] (d. 1986), [[Sayyid Ruh Allah Khumayni]] (d. 1989), [[Sayyid Shahab al-Din Mar'ashi Najafi]] (d. 1990), and [[Sayyid Muhammad Rida Gulpayigani]] (d. 1993). Two days after the death of Ayatollah Burujirdi, Kayhan newspaper published a list of some Shiite mujtahids who were possible candidates for Marja'iyya. | ||
In 1994, [[Muhammad 'Ali Araki]], the last living student of 'Abd al-Karim Ha'iri Yazdi, died. Since then, a number of mujtahids most of whom were students of Burujirdi and Khu'i were introduced as Shiite authorities. Although some of them have more followers than others, none of them has a global Marja'iyya. Here are the best-known living authorities (alive until May, 2017): [[Husayn Wahid Khurasani]], [[Lutf Allah Safi Gulpayigani]], [[Sayyid Musa Shubayri Zanjani]], [[Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei]], and [[Nasir Makarim Shirazi]] in Iran, and [[Sayyid 'Ali Sistani]] in Iraq. | In 1994, [[Muhammad 'Ali Araki]], the last living student of 'Abd al-Karim Ha'iri Yazdi, died. Since then, a number of mujtahids most of whom were students of Burujirdi and Khu'i were introduced as Shiite authorities. Although some of them have more followers than others, none of them has a global Marja'iyya. Here are the best-known living authorities (alive until May, 2017): [[Husayn Wahid Khurasani]], [[Lutf Allah Safi Gulpayigani]], [[Sayyid Musa Shubayri Zanjani]], [[Sayyid 'Ali Khamenei]], and [[Nasir Makarim Shirazi]] in Iran, and [[Sayyid 'Ali Sistani]] in Iraq. | ||
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[[id:Marja' Taklid]] | [[id:Marja' Taklid]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Religious Positions]] | ||
[[Category:Fiqh terminology]] | [[Category:Fiqh terminology]] | ||