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Marja': Difference between revisions
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==Marja'iyya== | ==Marja'iyya== | ||
Marja'iyya is the most important social and religious position in the Shiite community. Marja' is a mujtahid who is followed by a number of the Shi'as, that is, some Shi'as practice their religious acts in accordance with that mujtahid's jurisprudential views (that is, [[fatwas]]) and pay their judicial alms (al-wujuhat) to him or his representatives. To follow a religious scholar in this way is called "[[taqlid]]".<ref>See: Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, '' | Marja'iyya is the most important social and religious position in the Shiite community. Marja' is a mujtahid who is followed by a number of the Shi'as, that is, some Shi'as practice their religious acts in accordance with that mujtahid's jurisprudential views (that is, [[fatwas]]) and pay their judicial alms (al-wujuhat) to him or his representatives. To follow a religious scholar in this way is called "[[taqlid]]".<ref>See: Ṭabāṭabāʾī al-Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā'', vol. 1, p. 4; Raḥmān Sitāyish, ''Taqlīd'', p. 789.</ref> | ||
The extent of the social influence of a Marja' depends on the number of his followers. The financial power of a Marja' is reinforced by the judicial alms paid by his followers. Shiite authorities can spend these financial resources in religious propagation, administration of [[Al-Hawza al-'Ilmiyya|Islamic Seminaries]], helping people in need, and public services. | The extent of the social influence of a Marja' depends on the number of his followers. The financial power of a Marja' is reinforced by the judicial alms paid by his followers. Shiite authorities can spend these financial resources in religious propagation, administration of [[Al-Hawza al-'Ilmiyya|Islamic Seminaries]], helping people in need, and public services. | ||
===Conditions of Marja'iyya=== | ===Conditions of Marja'iyya=== | ||
A [[mujtahid]] can qualify as a marja' if it is permissible to follow his fatwas, that is, to act upon his jurisprudential views. To qualify for this, the mujtahid should meet some requirements the most important of which is that he should be superior to other qualified mujtahids with regard to his scholarship in [[fiqh]]. Other conditions include justice, being a man, maturity, and sanity.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, '' | A [[mujtahid]] can qualify as a marja' if it is permissible to follow his fatwas, that is, to act upon his jurisprudential views. To qualify for this, the mujtahid should meet some requirements the most important of which is that he should be superior to other qualified mujtahids with regard to his scholarship in [[fiqh]]. Other conditions include justice, being a man, maturity, and sanity.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī al-Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā'', vol. 1, p. 26-27.</ref> | ||
===Procedures of Selection=== | ===Procedures of Selection=== | ||
A Marja' is not selected by appointment. A person becomes a Shiite authority when the Shi'as accept him as an authority. In essays of fatwas (al-rasa'il al-'amaliyya), some ways are introduced for finding out about a person who is qualified for Marja'iyya: personal knowledge, judicial evidence (that two qualified persons testify that someone is [[A'lam]]—superior in scholarship), being well-known as A'lam<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, '' | A Marja' is not selected by appointment. A person becomes a Shiite authority when the Shi'as accept him as an authority. In essays of fatwas (al-rasa'il al-'amaliyya), some ways are introduced for finding out about a person who is qualified for Marja'iyya: personal knowledge, judicial evidence (that two qualified persons testify that someone is [[A'lam]]—superior in scholarship), being well-known as A'lam<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī al-Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā'', vol. 1, p. 24-25.</ref>, or being introduced by a group of scholars such that their views lead to personal knowledge.<ref>Khomeini, ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil'', p. 12.</ref> | ||
===Tasks=== | ===Tasks=== | ||
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==The Influence of Marja'iyya== | ==The Influence of Marja'iyya== | ||
[[Shiite]] authorities usually have a strong influence on their followers and even all the Shi'as, and thus, they can establish their social and political views.<ref>See: Naqībzāda | [[Shiite]] authorities usually have a strong influence on their followers and even all the Shi'as, and thus, they can establish their social and political views.<ref>See: Naqībzāda & Amānī, ''Naqsh-i Rūḥānīyyat-i Shīʿa dar pīrūzī-yi inqilāb-i Islāmī'', p. 81-82.</ref> For example, after the [[fatwa]] of [[Sayyid Muhammad Mujahid]], a great number of the Shi'as went to war against the Russians<ref>Naqībzāda & Amānī, ''Naqsh-i Rūḥānīyyat-i Shīʿa dar pīrūzī-yi inqilāb-i Islāmī'', p. 99-100.</ref>; the fatwa of the tobacco ban by [[Mirza Shirazi]] led to the abolishment of the tobacco monopoly in Iran<ref>Naqībzāda & Amānī, ''Naqsh-i Rūḥānīyyat-i Shīʿa dar pīrūzī-yi inqilāb-i Islāmī'', p. 102.</ref>; and [[June 5, 1963 Demonstrations]] in Iran to protest the arrest of [[Ayatollah Khomeini]].<ref>Naqībzāda & Amānī, ''Naqsh-i Rūḥānīyyat-i Shīʿa dar pīrūzī-yi inqilāb-i Islāmī'', p. 103.</ref> | ||
According to the Sunni scholar, [[Muhammad Rashid Rida]], no Sunni scholar has had the influence of Shiite mujtahids—especially those educated in the Islamic seminary of Najaf—neither alone nor collectively. He mentions as examples the boycott of elections in Iraq in the period of the [[King Faisal]] and the tobacco ban by Mirza Shirazi.<ref>Rashīd al-Riḍā, '' | According to the Sunni scholar, [[Muhammad Rashid Rida]], no Sunni scholar has had the influence of Shiite mujtahids—especially those educated in the Islamic seminary of Najaf—neither alone nor collectively. He mentions as examples the boycott of elections in Iraq in the period of the [[King Faisal]] and the tobacco ban by Mirza Shirazi.<ref>Rashīd al-Riḍā, ''al-Khilāfa aw al-Imāma al-ʿuẓmā'', p. 90.</ref> Samuel Benjamin, a US envoy to Iran, said that the most important mujtahid in Tehran commutes with a mule and only has one servant, but he can topple down the king with one word.<ref>Abrāhāmian, ''Tārīkh-i Īrān-i mudirn'', p. 41.</ref> | ||
==Historical Periods of Marja'yya== | ==Historical Periods of Marja'yya== | ||
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*Ḥāʾirī, ʿAbd al-Hādī. ''Tashayyuʿ wa mashrūṭīyyat dar Irān''. Tehran: Amīrkabīr, 1387 Sh. | *Ḥāʾirī, ʿAbd al-Hādī. ''Tashayyuʿ wa mashrūṭīyyat dar Irān''. Tehran: Amīrkabīr, 1387 Sh. | ||
*Jaʿfarīyān, Rasūl. ''Tashayyuʿ dar ʿIrāq marjaʿīyya wa Īrān''. Tehran: Muʾassisa-yi Muṭāliʿāt-i Tarīkh-i Muʿāṣir-i Īrān, 1386 Sh. | *Jaʿfarīyān, Rasūl. ''Tashayyuʿ dar ʿIrāq marjaʿīyya wa Īrān''. Tehran: Muʾassisa-yi Muṭāliʿāt-i Tarīkh-i Muʿāṣir-i Īrān, 1386 Sh. | ||
*Khomeini, | *Khomeini, Rūḥullāh. ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil''. Tehran: n.p., 1426 AH. | ||
*Naqībzāda, Sayyid Aḥmad | *Naqībzāda, Sayyid Aḥmad & Amānī, Zūrām. ''Naqsh-i Rūḥānīyyat-i Shīʿa dar pīrūzī-yi inqilāb-i Islāmī''. Tehran: Markaz-i Asnād-i Inqilāb-i Islāmī, 1382 Sh. | ||
*Qurbānī, Muḥammad ʿAlī. ''Tārikh-i taqlīd dar Shīʿa wa sayr-i taḥawwul-i ān''. Mashhad: Bunyād-i | *Qurbānī, Muḥammad ʿAlī. ''Tārikh-i taqlīd dar Shīʿa wa sayr-i taḥawwul-i ān''. Mashhad: Bunyād-i Pazhūhishhā-yi Islāmī, 1394 Sh. | ||
*Raḥmān Sitāyish, Muḥammad Kāẓim. 1382 Sh. "Taqlīd". Dānishnāma-yi Jahān-i Islām | *Raḥmān Sitāyish, Muḥammad Kāẓim. 1382 Sh. "Taqlīd". Dānishnāma-yi Jahān-i Islām 7: (789) | ||
*Rashīd al-Riḍā, Muḥammad. 1996. ''Al-Khilāfa aw al-Imāma al-ʿuẓmā''. Al- Dawla wa | *Rashīd al-Riḍā, Muḥammad. 1996. ''Al-Khilāfa aw al-Imāma al-ʿuẓmā''. Al-Dawla wa l-Khalāfa fī al-Khitāb al-ʿArabī. p. 90. | ||
*Rūḥānī, Sayyid Ḥamīd. ''Nihḍat-i Imām Khomeini''. Tehran: Muʾassisa-yi Chāp wa Nashr-i ʿUrūj, 1386 Sh. | *Rūḥānī, Sayyid Ḥamīd. ''Nihḍat-i Imām Khomeini''. Tehran: Muʾassisa-yi Chāp wa Nashr-i ʿUrūj, 1386 Sh. | ||
*Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. ''Al- | *Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓim. ''Al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā''. Second edition. Beirut: Muʿassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1409 AH. | ||
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