Anonymous user
Four Books: Difference between revisions
update
imported>Kadeh mNo edit summary |
imported>Shakeri (update) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{The most important hadith books for the Shia and Sunni}} | {{The most important hadith books for the Shia and Sunni}} | ||
''' | '''Al-Kutub al-Arbaʿa''' or ''al-Uṣūl al-Arbaʿa''' (Arabic:{{ia|الکتب الاربعة الاصول الاربعة}}) (the Four Books or the Four Principles) are the four books of [[hadith]] regarded as reliable by the [[Shi'as]]. The Four Books are: ''[[al-Kafi]]'', ''[[Man la yahduruh al-faqih]]'', ''[[Tahdhib al-ahkam]]'', and ''[[al-Istibsar]]''. ''Al-Kafi'' was written by [[al-Kulayni]] and ''Man la yahdur'' was written by [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]]. ''Tahdhib al-ahkam'' and ''al-Istibsar'' were written by [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]]. | ||
The term, al-Kutub al-Arba'a, was first coined and used by [[al-Shahid al-Thani]] in a permission for the transmission of hadiths he gave to someone. Then the term began to be commonly used in jurisprudential texts. Some Shiite scholars regard all hadiths in the Four Books to be reliable. However, most of them restrict its reliable hadiths to those that are [[mutawatir]] or have reliable chains of transmitters. | |||
==The Most Reliable Sources of Shiite Hadiths== | |||
The Shi'as consider the four books—''al-Kafi'', ''Tahdhib'', ''al-Istibsar'', and ''Man la yahdur''—to be their most reliable sources of hadiths, referring to them as "al-Kutub al-Arba'a" (the Four Books). However, the majority of Shiite scholars do not consider it as obligatory to act upon all hadiths in these books. They believe that hadiths in these books must be acted upon only if their [[chains of transmitters]] and implications are examined.<ref>Amīnī, ''al-Ghadǐr'', vol. 3 p. 383-384</ref> | |||
==The Historical Background of the Term, al-Kutub al-Arba'a== | |||
According to Andrew Newman's report of Muhammad 'Ali Amirmu'izzi, [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli]] was the first person who used the term, "al-Kutub al-Arba'a", to refer to ''al-Kafi'', ''Tahdhib'', ''al-Istibsar'', and ''Man la yahdur''. However, it is said that he made a mistake in his translation of Amirmu'izzi's text. The original text suggests that al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli referred to these books as reliable sources of hadiths for Shi'as. The writings of al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli contain the word, al-Arba'a (the Four), but as he explicitly says in the preface of his ''[[al-Mu'tabar]]'', by "the Four" he means to refer to the four jurists, al-Shaykh al-Tusi, [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]], al-Sayyid al-Murtada, and al-Shaykh al-Saduq, and not the four books.<ref>Bāqirī, ''Chahār kitāb-i hadīthī Imāmīyya wa rawāj iṣtilāḥ al-kutub al-arbaʿa: naqdī bar dīdgāh Andrew Newman''</ref> | |||
The author of the Persian paper, "The four hadith books of the Imamiyya and the common use of the term, al-Kutub al-Arba'a", takes [[al-Shahid al-Thani]] to be the first scholar who referred to the four books as "al-Kutub al-Arba'a". In 950/1543, he wrote a [[permission for the transmission of hadiths]], in which he used the phrase, "Kutub al-Hadith al-Arba'a" (the Four Books of hadiths). He then used the same phrase as well as the phrase, "al-Kutub al-Arba'a", in a number of other permissions.<ref>Bāqirī, ''Chahār kitāb-i hadīthī Imāmīyya wa rawāj iṣtilāḥ al-kutub al-arbaʿa: naqdī bar dīdgāh Andrew Newman''</ref> | |||
According to this paper, in the same period of time, [[Husayn b. 'Abd al-Samad al-'Amili]], [[al-Shaykh al-Baha'i]]'s father, added the book, ''Madinat al-'ilm'', by al-Shaykh al-Saduq to the Four Books, and used the phrase, "al-Usul al-Khamsa" (the Five Principles). However, the phrase did not come to be commonly used, perhaps because the book, ''Madinat al-'ilm'', was destroyed and unavailable to the next generations.<ref>Bāqirī, ''Chahār kitāb-i hadīthī Imāmīyya wa rawāj iṣtilāḥ al-kutub al-arbaʿa: naqdī bar dīdgāh Andrew Newman''</ref> | |||
The first jurisprudential text in which the phrase, "al-Kutub al-Arba'a", was used is said to be [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Ardabili]]'s ''[[Majma' al-fa'ida]]'', the writing of which began in 977/1569 and was finished in 985/1577. Then it was respectively used in ''[[Zubdat al-bayan]]'' (written in 989/1581), ''[[Muntaqa l-juman]]'' (written in 1006/1597), and ''[[al-Wafiya fi usul al-fiqh|al-Wafiya]]'' (written in 1059/1649).<ref>Bāqirī, ''Chahār kitāb-i hadīthī Imāmīyya wa rawāj iṣtilāḥ al-kutub al-arbaʿa: naqdī bar dīdgāh Andrew Newman''</ref> | |||
==The Reliability of the Four Books== | |||
Shiite jurists have accepted the general reliability of the Four Books to the extent that [[al-Shaykh al-Ansari]] suggests that the belief in the reliability of well-known books, including the Four Books, might be an essential component of the religion.<ref>Anṣārī, ''Farā'id al-usūl'', vol. 1 p. 239</ref> However, there is a disagreement among Shiite scholars with regard to certainty or uncertainty about whether hadiths in these books were issued by [[Infallibles]] (a), and whether all hadiths in these books are reliable. There are three views in this regard: | |||
* '''Certainty about the issuance and the reliability of all hadiths:''' [[Akhbaris]] believe that all hadiths in the Four Books are reliable, and all of them are certainly attributed to the Infallibles (a).<ref>al-Istarābādī, ''al-Fawā'id al-Madanīyya'', p. 112; al-Karakī, ''Hidāyat al-abrār'', p. 17</ref> Al-Sayyid al-Murtada's view is close to Akhbaris in this regard. He takes the majority of hadiths to be [[mutawatir]] or certainly issued from Infallibles (a).<ref>''Ma'ālim al-usūl'', p. 157</ref> | |||
* '''Reliability of all hadiths, without certainty about their issuance:''' some [[jurists]], such as [[al-Fadil al-Tuni]],<ref>al-Fādil al-Tūnī, ''al-Wāfīya fi usūl al-fiqh'', p. 166</ref> [[Mulla Ahmad Naraqi]],<ref>Narāqī, ''Minhāj'', p. 166</ref> and [[Mirza Muhammad Husayn al-Na'ini]], do not believe that all hadiths in the Four Books were certainly issued from the Infallibles (a), but they believe that all these hadiths are reliable. [[Ayatollah Khu'i]] was quoted as saying that no one can find a problem in chains of transmitters of the book, ''al-Kafi''.<ref>al-Khu'ī, ''Mu'jam rijāl al-hadīth'', vol. 1 p. 87</ref> | |||
* '''Probable issuance of most of the hadiths and the reliability of those with reliable chains of transmitters:''' the most popular view among Shiite [[Usul al-fiqh|Usuli]] jurists is that, except for a few mutawatir hadiths, other hadiths in ''al-Kafi'' are only probably attributed to the Infallibles (a), and they are reliable only if their chains of transmitters fulfill certain conditions, although there are disagreements over these conditions.<ref>al-Khu'ī, ''Mu'jam rijāl al-hadīth'', vol. 1 p. 87-97</ref> | |||
== ''Al-Kafi'' == | == ''Al-Kafi'' == | ||
| Line 34: | Line 57: | ||
*The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/کتب_اربعه کتب اربعه] in Farsi Wikishia. | *The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/کتب_اربعه کتب اربعه] in Farsi Wikishia. | ||
*Modir Shanehchi, Kazim, ''Tarikh-i Hadith'', Samt Publication, Tehran, 1419/1998. | *Modir Shanehchi, Kazim, ''Tarikh-i Hadith'', Samt Publication, Tehran, 1419/1998. | ||
*Istarābdī, Muḥammad Amīn, ''al-Fawā'id al-Madanīyya'', Tabrīz, 1321. | |||
*Amīnī, Abd al-Ḥusayn, ''al-Ghadīr'', Qom: Markaz al-Ghadīr li-l-Dirāsāt al-Islāmīyya, 1416/1995 | |||
*Anṣārī, Murtaḍā, ''Farā'id al-uṣūl'', Qom: Majma' al-Fikr al-Islāmī, 1428 | |||
*Bāqirī, Ḥamīd, ''[http://www.http://toumar.info/fa/note/%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88-%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86/ Chahār kitāb-i hadīthī Imāmīyya wa rawāj iṣtilāḥ al-kutub al-arbaʿa: naqdī bar dīdgāh Andrew Newman]'', accessed 20 October 2018 | |||
*Khū'ī, Abū l-Qāsim, ''Mu'jam rijāl al-hadīth'', Qom: Markaz Nashr al-Thiqāfa al-Islāmīyya fi l-'Ālam, 1372 Sh. | |||
*Faḍil al-Tūnī, ''al-Wāfīya fī uṣūl al-fiqh'', edited by Raḍawī Kashmīrī, Qom: Majma' al-Fikr al-Islāmī, 1415 | |||
*Karakī, Husayn b. Shihāb al-Dīn, ''Hidāyat al-abrār ilā tarīq al-a'imma al-aṭhār'', edited by Ra'ūf Jamāl al-Dīn, Najaf: Mu'assisa Iḥyā' al-Aḥyā', 1396 | |||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
{{Shi'a Hadithi Books}} | {{Shi'a Hadithi Books}} | ||
{{Hadith Sciences}} | {{Hadith Sciences}} | ||
[[fa:کتب اربعه]] | |||
[[ar: الكتب الأربعة]] | |||
[[ur:کتب اربعہ]] | |||
[[tr:Kutub-u Erbaa]] | |||
[[fr:Les Quatre Livres]] | |||
[[es:Los Cuatro Libros]] | |||
[[id:Kutub Arba'ah]] | |||
[[de:Die Vier Bücher]] | |||
<onlyinclude>{{Editorial Box | <onlyinclude>{{Editorial Box | ||
| Line 52: | Line 91: | ||
| featured article = July 7, 2014 | | featured article = July 7, 2014 | ||
}}</onlyinclude> | }}</onlyinclude> | ||
[[Category:Hadith literature]] | [[Category:Hadith literature]] | ||