Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (a): Difference between revisions

Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (a) (view source)

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→‎Presence in the Ghazwas (Battles): adding new edition

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-== Presence in the Ghazwas (Battles) ==
+== Participation in Battles ==
-{{see also|Ghazwa}}
+'Ali (a) had an influential role in the [[Ghazwa]]s (battles in which the Prophet himself was also present), save for the [[Battle of Tabuk]].<ref>Muhammad b. Sa'd. ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', vol. 3, p. 24</ref>in which he remained in [[Medina]] as the deputy of the Prophet (s). He was the main Standard-bearer of the Islamic army in many Ghazwas. He remained with the Prophet (s) in the battles that other Muslims escaped, and continued to fight.
-'Ali (a) had an influential role in the Ghazwas (battles in which the Prophet himself was also present), save for the [[Battle of Tabuk]].<ref>Muhammad b. Sa'd. ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', vol. 3, p. 24</ref>in which he remained in [[Medina]] as the deputy of the Prophet (s). He was the main Standard-bearer of the Islamic army in many Ghazwas. He remained with the Prophet (s) in the battles that other Muslims escaped, and continued to fight.
 '''Battle of Badr'''
 {{Main|Battle of Badr}}
-The Battle of Badr was the first battle between the Muslims and the idolaters of [[Mecca]]. It took place on [[Friday]], the [[Ramadan 17]], [[2]]/[[March 13]], 624 along the wells of Badr.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad b. Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol. 1, p. 2883</ref> In this battle, the Muslims killed seventy of the idolaters, including a few influential chiefs like [[Abu Jahl]] and [['Utba b. Rabi'a]].
+The Battle of Badr was the first battle between the Muslims and the idolaters of [[Mecca]]. It took place on [[Friday]], the [[Ramadan 17]], [[2]]/[[March 13]], [[624 CE|624]] along the wells of [[Badr]].<ref>Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad b. Yahya. ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol. 1, p. 2883</ref> In this battle, the Muslims killed seventy of the idolaters, including a few influential chiefs like [[Abu Jahl]] and [['Utba b. Rabi'a]].
 It was an Arab custom to precede the general battle with a few one-on-one combats. So, 'Utba b. al-Rabi'a, his son, Walid, and his brother, Shayba came forward and wanted the Prophet (s) to send a few worthy opponents to the battlefield to fight with them. The Prophet (s) sent 'Ali (a), [[Hamza b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Hamza]] and [['Ubayda b. Harith]]. 'Ali (a) struck Walid quickly, as did Hamza to 'Utba, killing them quickly. They then went on to help 'Ubayda against Shayba, killing him too.<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh al-rusul wa l-muluk'', vol. 2, p. 148</ref>
-Of the 70 casualties of the polytheist around 20 were killed by 'Ali.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-sira al-nabawiyya'', vol. 1, p. 708-713</ref>
+In this battle, Ali (a) killed many combatants, including prominent figures of the Meccan army such as Walid b. Utba, Nawfal b. Khuwaylid (whom the Prophet (s) had cursed), Hanzala b. Abi Sufyan, ʿAs b. Saʿid.
 '''Battle of Uhud'''
 {{Main|Battle of Uhud}}
-'Ali (a), Hamza, [[Abu Dujana]] and a few others led the Muslim army in the Battle of Uhud, disheartening the enemy's ranks. However, a group of polytheists managed to encircle the Muslims army. With every group of the Quraysh army attacking the Prophet (s), 'Ali (a) would counterattack against them at the command of the Prophet (s).
+'Ali (a), Hamza, [[Abu Dujana]] and a few others led the Muslim army in the Battle of Uhud, disheartening the enemy's ranks. However, a group of polytheists managed to encircle the Muslims army.
+In this battle, after the victory of the polytheists, many Muslims fled the battleground and left the Prophet (s) alone. Ali (a) was one of the few ones who did not leave the Prophet (s) and defended him. The Imam (a) is reported to have said, "The Immigrants and Helpers were fleeing to their houses, but, despite having seventy wounds, I [stayed and] defended the Messenger of God."
 Paying tribute to the dedication that 'Ali (a) showed, the archangel [[Gabriel]], in praise of 'Ali's self-sacrifice, said to the Prophet (s): "This is the ultimate devotion that 'Ali has shown." The Prophet (s) agreed with Gabriel and said, "I am from 'Ali and he is from me." A voice then echoed in the sky, saying, "La fata illa 'Ali, la sayf illa Dhu l-faqar" which means "There is no youth like 'Ali (a), and there is no sword like [[Dhu l-Faqar]] (the sword of 'Ali (a))"<ref>Ibn Athir, ''al-Kamil fi l-tarikh'', vol. 2, p. 107</ref>
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 '''Battle of Khaybar'''
 {{Main|Battle of Khaybar}}
-The Battle of Khaybar occurred in [[Jumada I]] [[7]]/628, when the [[Prophet (s)]] issued a command to attack the Jewish fortresses due to their threats.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', vol. 2, p. 328</ref> After a few men, like [[Abu Bakr]] and [['Umar]], could not conquer the forts, the Prophet (s) said, "Tomorrow I will give the flag to a man who loves God and His prophet, and God and His prophet also love him."<ref>Muslim. ''Sahih Muslim'', vol. 15. P.178-179</ref> The next morning, the Prophet (s) called 'Ali (a) and gave the flag to him.
+The Battle of Khaybar occurred in [[Jumada I]] [[7]]/[[September]], [[628 CE|628]], when the [[Prophet (s)]] issued a command to attack the Jewish fortresses due to their threats.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', vol. 2, p. 328</ref> After a few men, like [[Abu Bakr]] and [['Umar]], could not conquer the forts, the Prophet (s) said, "Tomorrow I will give the flag to a man who loves God and His prophet, and God and His prophet also love him."<ref>Muslim. ''Sahih Muslim'', vol. 15. P.178-179</ref> The next morning, the Prophet (s) called 'Ali (a) and gave the flag to him.
+Al-Shaykh al-Mufid reports that in the Battle of Khaybar Imam Ali (a) proceeded towards the fort's door, tore it off, and used it as his shield until the end of the battle. <ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', p. 590</ref>
-'Ali (a) took his sword, [[Dhu l-Faqar]], and went to the battlefield. When he lost his shield during the fight, he lifted up one of the gates of the fortress and used it as a shield until the end of the battle.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', p. 590</ref>
 '''Conquest of Mecca'''
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 '''Battle of Hunayn'''
 {{Main|Battle of Hunayn}}
-The Battle of Hunayn occurred in 8/629. The war occurred because the chiefs of the [[Hawazin]] and [[Thaqif]] tribes decided to take preemptive action against the [[Prophet (s)]] in fear that he was going to attack them after the Conquest of [[Mecca]].
+This battle took place in 8 AH, and Ali (a) was a flagbearer in it.<ref>Ayati. ''Tarikh-i payambar-i Islam'', p. 481</ref> During the battle, the polytheists conducted a sudden raid, and most of the Muslims fled to save their lives. Only Ali (a) and a few others remained and defended the Prophet (s).
-'Ali (a) led [[Muhajirun]] and killed about 40 people from the enemy's army.<ref>Ayati. ''Tarikh-i payambar-i Islam'', p. 481</ref>
 '''Battle of Tabuk'''
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 Soon after the Prophet (s) left for war, the hypocrites began to spread rumors about the Prophet (s) being not pleased with 'Ali that he didn't want him to go. In order to put a quick end to the vicious rumours, 'Ali (a) immediately rushed towards the Prophet (s) who was outside of the city and informed him of the matter. It was here that [[Hadith al-Manzila]] ('the hadith of position') was narrated by the Prophet (s). He stated, "My brother, 'Ali! Return to Medina, since nobody except me or you,has the competence to handle these affairs. Thus, you are my vicegerent and successor amongst my [[Ahl al-Bayt]] and my people. Are not you pleased [to know] that you are in the same position (Manzilah) to me as that of [[Aaron]] to [[Moses]], except that after me there will be no other prophet?"<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 1. P.156; Ibn Hisham. ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', vol. 4, p. 163</ref>
+===Saraya===
+[[Saraya]] (plural of sarya) are the battles which took place during the time of the Prophet (s) but in which the Prophet (s) himself was not present. Ali (a) led the following saraya:
+# The sarya of Ali (a) to Fadak to confront Banu Sa'd in Sha'ban, 6 AH
+# The sarya of Ali (a) to destroy an idol's temple called Fals belonging to the tribe of Banu Tayy in Rabiʿ II, 9 AH.
+# The sarya of Ali (a) to Yemen in Ramadan, 10 AH.
+Mission to Yemen
+After the conquest of Mecca and the victory in the Battle of Hunayn in 8 AH, Prophet Muhammad (a) decided to expand his mission. He sent Muʿadh b. Jabal to Yemen, but Muʿadh was not completely successful. Then, the Prophet (s) sent Khalid b. Walid, who did not succeed either and thus returned to Medina after six months. Afterwards, the Prophet (s) sent Ali (a) to Yemen with a letter which he wrote for the Yemenites. Ali (a) read the Prophet’s (s) letter for the people and called them to Islam. As a result of Ali’s (a) efforts, the tribe of Hamdan embraced Islam. Ali (a) informed the Prophet (s) of Hamdan’s conversion; the news made the Prophet (s) happy, and he prayed for the Hamdanids. In some sources, a conflict is reported between Ali (a) and the tribe of Midhhaj. According to these reports, Ali (a) went to their land and called them to Islam. They rejected him, and a battle broke out, in which Midhhaj was defeated. Ali (a) collected the spoils of the battle and delivered them together with the zakat of the people of Najran to the Prophet (s) during the Farewell Pilgrimage. The Prophet (s) also appointed Ali (a) as a judge in Yemen and prayed for him to have sound judgments. Instances of these judgments are reported in historical sources.
 == Event of Ghadir ==