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Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (a): Difference between revisions
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The Shia also maintain that the companions of Abu Bakr invaded Ali's (a) house to force him to pledge allegiance,<ref>Jawharī, ''al-Saqīfa wa Fadak'', p. 72-73.</ref> during which incident Fatima (a) was hurt and had a miscarriage.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', vol. 1, p. 109.</ref> Abu Bakr also [[Usurpation of Fadak|confiscated Fadak]],<ref>Ustādī, "Fadak," p. 366.</ref> to which Ali (a) objected in defense of Fatima (a).<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 29, p. 124.</ref> The invasion of the Imam's (a) house resulted in Fatima's (a) illness, and led to her martyrdom in [[11]]/[[632 CE|632]].<ref>Ṭabarī al-Imāmī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', p. 134.</ref> | The Shia also maintain that the companions of Abu Bakr invaded Ali's (a) house to force him to pledge allegiance,<ref>Jawharī, ''al-Saqīfa wa Fadak'', p. 72-73.</ref> during which incident Fatima (a) was hurt and had a miscarriage.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', vol. 1, p. 109.</ref> Abu Bakr also [[Usurpation of Fadak|confiscated Fadak]],<ref>Ustādī, "Fadak," p. 366.</ref> to which Ali (a) objected in defense of Fatima (a).<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 29, p. 124.</ref> The invasion of the Imam's (a) house resulted in Fatima's (a) illness, and led to her martyrdom in [[11]]/[[632 CE|632]].<ref>Ṭabarī al-Imāmī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', p. 134.</ref> | ||
Abu Bakr passed away in [[13]]/[[634 CE|634]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 419-420; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 136-138.</ref> Before his death, he appointed [[Umar]] as his successor.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 322, 331.</ref> In [[Muharram]], [[14]]/[[March]], [[635 CE|635]], Umar embarked on a military expedition against the [[Sasanids]]. He camped in an area called Sirar, but some prominent figures, including Imam Ali (a), advised him to remain in Medina, so he returned and sent [[Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas]] to the battle in his place.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 379.</ref> Ibn Athir reports that Ali (a) was a judge during the caliphate of Umar, except in its first few years.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 348, 441.</ref> | Abu Bakr passed away in [[13]]/[[634 CE|634]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 419-420; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 136-138.</ref> Before his death, he appointed [[Umar]] as his successor.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 322, 331.</ref> In [[Muharram]], [[14]]/[[March]], [[635 CE|635]], Umar embarked on a military expedition against the [[Sasanids]]. He camped in an area called Sirar, but some prominent figures, including Imam Ali (a), advised him to remain in Medina, so he returned and sent [[Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas]] to the battle in his place.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 379.</ref> Ibn al-Athir reports that Ali (a) was a judge during the caliphate of Umar, except in its first few years.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 348, 441.</ref> | ||
In [[16]]/[[637 CE|637]] (or [[17]]/[[638 CE|638]]),<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 348, 453.</ref> upon Ali's (a) suggestion, Umar set the year of the emigration of the Prophet (s) to Medina as the beginning of the [[Islamic calendar]].<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 145; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 4, p. 300.</ref> | In [[16]]/[[637 CE|637]] (or [[17]]/[[638 CE|638]]),<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 348, 453.</ref> upon Ali's (a) suggestion, Umar set the year of the emigration of the Prophet (s) to Medina as the beginning of the [[Islamic calendar]].<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 145; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 4, p. 300.</ref> | ||
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In [[36]]/[[656 CE|656]], [[Talha b. Ubayd Allah]] and [[Zubayr b. Awam]] broke their allegiance to Ali and headed to Mecca to join [[Aisha]], who had called for revenge against the murderers of Uthman. With their supporters, Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr left Mecca for Basra to start the [[Battle of the Camel]], the first civil war in the Muslim community. The battle broke out near [[Basra]] between Imam Ali (a) and the [[Nakithun]] (“Those Who Broke Their Allegiance”) and ended with the latter'a defeat. Talha and Zubayr were killed and A'isha was sent to Medina. The Imam (a) went to Basra and declared general amnesty. Then, in [[Rajab]] [[36]]/[[January]] [[657 CE|657], he entered [[Kufa]] and made the city his capital. | In [[36]]/[[656 CE|656]], [[Talha b. Ubayd Allah]] and [[Zubayr b. Awam]] broke their allegiance to Ali and headed to Mecca to join [[Aisha]], who had called for revenge against the murderers of Uthman. With their supporters, Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr left Mecca for Basra to start the [[Battle of the Camel]], the first civil war in the Muslim community. The battle broke out near [[Basra]] between Imam Ali (a) and the [[Nakithun]] (“Those Who Broke Their Allegiance”) and ended with the latter'a defeat. Talha and Zubayr were killed and A'isha was sent to Medina. The Imam (a) went to Basra and declared general amnesty. Then, in [[Rajab]] [[36]]/[[January]] [[657 CE|657], he entered [[Kufa]] and made the city his capital. | ||
In the same year, Imam Ali (a) called [[Mu'awiya]] to pledge his allegiance to him. When Mu'awiya rebelliously refused to recognize the Imam's caliphate, Imam Ali (a) decided to remove him from the governorship of Syria and embarked on a military expedition to [[Damascus]] against Mu'awiya in [[Shawwal]] [[36]]/[[April]] [[657 CE|657]]. Thus, a battle that took place between the two parties in an area called [[Siffin]] (hence the name "the [[Battle of Siffin]]") towards the end of the year [[36]]/[[657 CE|657]] and the beginning of [[37]]/[[657 CE|657]]. Some scholars maintain that unlike what al-Tabari and Ibn Athir have mentioned, the peak of the war was in [[38]]/[[658 CE|658]], not in [[Safar]] [[37]]/[[August]] [[657 CE|657]]. As the army of the Imam (a) was about to win the battle, [[Amr b. al-'As]] advised Mu'awiya to have his troops lift copies of the Qur'an on their lances and call the army of Ali (a) to the Quran's arbitration. Under the pressure of his army, the Imam (a) accepted the [[arbitration]] and was forced to introduce [[Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]] as the arbitrator from his side. However, shortly after the Imam's acceptance of the arbitration, a number of his troops objected to his decision and, referring to [[Qur'an 5:44]] and [[Qur'an 49:9|49:9]], demanded that the war with Mu'awiya should continue. They considered the acceptance of arbitration an act of [[apostasy]], from which they repented. While some of them were among the ones who had forced the Imam (a) to accept the arbitration, the objectors demanded that the Imam (a) also must repent and violate his agreements with Mu'awiya. The Imam (a) rejected their demands and announced that he would continue the war with the Syrian army if the two arbitrators did not arbitrate based on the Qur'an. | In the same year, Imam Ali (a) called [[Mu'awiya]] to pledge his allegiance to him. When Mu'awiya rebelliously refused to recognize the Imam's caliphate, Imam Ali (a) decided to remove him from the governorship of Syria and embarked on a military expedition to [[Damascus]] against Mu'awiya in [[Shawwal]] [[36]]/[[April]] [[657 CE|657]]. Thus, a battle that took place between the two parties in an area called [[Siffin]] (hence the name "the [[Battle of Siffin]]") towards the end of the year [[36]]/[[657 CE|657]] and the beginning of [[37]]/[[657 CE|657]]. Some scholars maintain that unlike what al-Tabari and Ibn al-Athir have mentioned, the peak of the war was in [[38]]/[[658 CE|658]], not in [[Safar]] [[37]]/[[August]] [[657 CE|657]]. As the army of the Imam (a) was about to win the battle, [[Amr b. al-'As]] advised Mu'awiya to have his troops lift copies of the Qur'an on their lances and call the army of Ali (a) to the Quran's arbitration. Under the pressure of his army, the Imam (a) accepted the [[arbitration]] and was forced to introduce [[Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]] as the arbitrator from his side. However, shortly after the Imam's acceptance of the arbitration, a number of his troops objected to his decision and, referring to [[Qur'an 5:44]] and [[Qur'an 49:9|49:9]], demanded that the war with Mu'awiya should continue. They considered the acceptance of arbitration an act of [[apostasy]], from which they repented. While some of them were among the ones who had forced the Imam (a) to accept the arbitration, the objectors demanded that the Imam (a) also must repent and violate his agreements with Mu'awiya. The Imam (a) rejected their demands and announced that he would continue the war with the Syrian army if the two arbitrators did not arbitrate based on the Qur'an. | ||
During the arbitration, Amr b. al-'As, the arbitrator from Mu'awiya's side, deceived Abu Musa into announcing that they had agreed on the removal of both Mu'awiya and Ali (a) from power. When Abu Musa announced so, Amr rose and announced that he also removed Ali (a) from power but made Mu'awiya the sole ruler of the Muslim community. The Imam's (a) companions objected to the arbitration, and some of them, who later formed the first [[Kharijites]], considered the acceptance of the arbitration an act of apostasy, left the Imam's army, and gathered in [[Harura]] instead of returning to Kufa. | During the arbitration, Amr b. al-'As, the arbitrator from Mu'awiya's side, deceived Abu Musa into announcing that they had agreed on the removal of both Mu'awiya and Ali (a) from power. When Abu Musa announced so, Amr rose and announced that he also removed Ali (a) from power but made Mu'awiya the sole ruler of the Muslim community. The Imam's (a) companions objected to the arbitration, and some of them, who later formed the first [[Kharijites]], considered the acceptance of the arbitration an act of apostasy, left the Imam's army, and gathered in [[Harura]] instead of returning to Kufa. | ||
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'''Sacrifice in the Night of Migration''' | '''Sacrifice in the Night of Migration''' | ||
{{main|Laylat al-Mabit}} | {{main|Laylat al-Mabit}} | ||
After the Muslims were severely persecuted by the [[Quraysh]], the Prophet (s) ordered his companions to [[Immigration to Medina|emigrate to Medina]], and so they gradually left Mecca.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', vol. 1, p. 480</ref> After exchanging ideas in the [[Dar al-Nadwa]] meeting, the [[Quraysh]] decided to designate brave young men from each tribe to assassinate the Prophet (s) in his house. The archangel [[Gabriel]] came to the Prophet (a), informed him of their plot, and commanded him not to sleep in his bed and to leave [[Mecca]] and emigrate to [[Medina]] that same night. The Prophet (s) informed 'Ali (a) of the enemy's plot and asked him to sleep in his bed to fool the enemy.<ref>Ibn Athir, ''al-Kamil fi l-tarikh'', vol. 2, p. 72; Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 19, p. 59</ref> | After the Muslims were severely persecuted by the [[Quraysh]], the Prophet (s) ordered his companions to [[Immigration to Medina|emigrate to Medina]], and so they gradually left Mecca.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', vol. 1, p. 480</ref> After exchanging ideas in the [[Dar al-Nadwa]] meeting, the [[Quraysh]] decided to designate brave young men from each tribe to assassinate the Prophet (s) in his house. The archangel [[Gabriel]] came to the Prophet (a), informed him of their plot, and commanded him not to sleep in his bed and to leave [[Mecca]] and emigrate to [[Medina]] that same night. The Prophet (s) informed 'Ali (a) of the enemy's plot and asked him to sleep in his bed to fool the enemy.<ref>Ibn al-Athir, ''al-Kamil fi l-tarikh'', vol. 2, p. 72; Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 19, p. 59</ref> | ||
Exegetes of the Qur'an regard the following verse to have been revealed about this event and about the virtues of 'Ali (a):<ref>Razi, ''Tafsir al-Razi'', vol. 5, p. 223; Tabataba'i, ''al-Mizan fi tafsir al-Qur'an'', vol. 2, p. 150</ref> | Exegetes of the Qur'an regard the following verse to have been revealed about this event and about the virtues of 'Ali (a):<ref>Razi, ''Tafsir al-Razi'', vol. 5, p. 223; Tabataba'i, ''al-Mizan fi tafsir al-Qur'an'', vol. 2, p. 150</ref> | ||
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'''[[Miqdad b. 'Amr]]''' (Miqdad b. Aswad al-Kindi) was among the seven people who believed in the Prophet (s) from the beginning of his mission and became Muslim. After the Prophet (s) passed away, Miqdad did not pledge allegiance with Abu Bakr and sided with 'Ali (a) during the 25 years before he assumed the caliphate.<ref>Al-Ya'qubi. ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'', Vol. 1, p. 524</ref> | '''[[Miqdad b. 'Amr]]''' (Miqdad b. Aswad al-Kindi) was among the seven people who believed in the Prophet (s) from the beginning of his mission and became Muslim. After the Prophet (s) passed away, Miqdad did not pledge allegiance with Abu Bakr and sided with 'Ali (a) during the 25 years before he assumed the caliphate.<ref>Al-Ya'qubi. ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'', Vol. 1, p. 524</ref> | ||
'''[[Uways al-Qarani]]''', (Uways b. 'Amir al-Muradi al-Qarani) was a famous ascetic who converted to [[Islam]] at the time of the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn Athir, ''Usd al-ghaba'', vol. 1, p. 179</ref> Uways was among the special companions of 'Ali (a) who pledged allegiance with him and promised to defend him until the last moments of his life, and in doing so, would never turn his back from the enemy [i.e. escape the enemy].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Jamal'', p. 59</ref> | '''[[Uways al-Qarani]]''', (Uways b. 'Amir al-Muradi al-Qarani) was a famous ascetic who converted to [[Islam]] at the time of the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn al-Athir, ''Usd al-ghaba'', vol. 1, p. 179</ref> Uways was among the special companions of 'Ali (a) who pledged allegiance with him and promised to defend him until the last moments of his life, and in doing so, would never turn his back from the enemy [i.e. escape the enemy].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Jamal'', p. 59</ref> | ||
'''[['Ammar b. Yasir]]''' was one of the first people who believed in the Prophet (s) and [[Migration to Abyssinia|immigrated to Ethiopia]] with the first group of Muslims and after the Prophet (s) immigrated to [[Medina]], he joined the Prophet (s). After the Prophet (s) passed away, Ammar stood in defense of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) and 'Ali (a). Under the rule of [['Umar b. al-Khattab]], he became the governor of [[Kufa]] for a period of time, but since he was just and lived a simple life, some tried to get him dismissed. He returned to Medina and stood with 'Ali (a) and benefited from him.<ref>Kumpani, Fadl allah. '''Ali (s) kist'', p. 412</ref> | '''[['Ammar b. Yasir]]''' was one of the first people who believed in the Prophet (s) and [[Migration to Abyssinia|immigrated to Ethiopia]] with the first group of Muslims and after the Prophet (s) immigrated to [[Medina]], he joined the Prophet (s). After the Prophet (s) passed away, Ammar stood in defense of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) and 'Ali (a). Under the rule of [['Umar b. al-Khattab]], he became the governor of [[Kufa]] for a period of time, but since he was just and lived a simple life, some tried to get him dismissed. He returned to Medina and stood with 'Ali (a) and benefited from him.<ref>Kumpani, Fadl allah. '''Ali (s) kist'', p. 412</ref> | ||
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'''[[Zayd b. Sawhan al-'Abdi]]''' was a companion of 'Ali (a) who participated in different battles against the enemies of 'Ali (a) and was finally killed by the [[Nakithun]] army in the [[Battle of Jamal]].<ref>Al-Shushtari, Qadi Nur Allah. ''Majalis al-Mu'minin'', vol. 1, p. 289</ref> | '''[[Zayd b. Sawhan al-'Abdi]]''' was a companion of 'Ali (a) who participated in different battles against the enemies of 'Ali (a) and was finally killed by the [[Nakithun]] army in the [[Battle of Jamal]].<ref>Al-Shushtari, Qadi Nur Allah. ''Majalis al-Mu'minin'', vol. 1, p. 289</ref> | ||
'''[[Sa'sa'a b. Sawhan al-'Abdi]]''' was one of the companions of 'Ali (a) who participated in the battles imposed upon him.<ref>Ibn Athir, ''Usd al-ghaba'', vol. 3, p. 20</ref> He was among those who pledged allegiance with 'Ali (a) after [['Uthman]]'s death.<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'', Vol. 2, p. 179</ref> | '''[[Sa'sa'a b. Sawhan al-'Abdi]]''' was one of the companions of 'Ali (a) who participated in the battles imposed upon him.<ref>Ibn al-Athir, ''Usd al-ghaba'', vol. 3, p. 20</ref> He was among those who pledged allegiance with 'Ali (a) after [['Uthman]]'s death.<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'', Vol. 2, p. 179</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
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* Ibn Abi al-Hadid, ''Sharh nahj al-balagha''.dar ihya' al-kutub al-'arabiyya. | * Ibn Abi al-Hadid, ''Sharh nahj al-balagha''.dar ihya' al-kutub al-'arabiyya. | ||
* Saduq,''al-Khisal''. Qom: jami'a mudarrisin. | * Saduq,''al-Khisal''. Qom: jami'a mudarrisin. | ||
* Ibn Athir, ''Al-Kamil fi al-tarikh''. Beirut: dar sadir. | * Ibn al-Athir, ''Al-Kamil fi al-tarikh''. Beirut: dar sadir. | ||
* Ibn Athir.''Usd al-ghaba''. Ed. Muhammad Ibrahim Bana. Cairo: Dar al-sha'b. | * Ibn al-Athir.''Usd al-ghaba''. Ed. Muhammad Ibrahim Bana. Cairo: Dar al-sha'b. | ||
* Ibn Maghazili, ''Manaqib-i 'ali b. abi talib''. Tehran: maktaba islamiyya. | * Ibn Maghazili, ''Manaqib-i 'ali b. abi talib''. Tehran: maktaba islamiyya. | ||
* Ibn al-Nadim al-Baghdadi, ''al-Fihrist''. Ed. Rida Tajadud. | * Ibn al-Nadim al-Baghdadi, ''al-Fihrist''. Ed. Rida Tajadud. | ||