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Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (a): Difference between revisions
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Based on evidence from the Qur'an, hadith, and history, the Shi'a believe that 'Ali (a) was the direct designated [[successor]] of the Prophet (s). Some verses of the Qur'an point to his [[infallibility]]. According to Shiite and some Sunni sources, roughly three-hundred verses of the Qur'an were revealed with regards to his virtues. When the [[Quraysh]] plotted to assassinate the Prophet (s), it was 'Ali (a) who slept where the Prophet (s) used to sleep, and thus helped the Prophet (s) to secretly leave for [[Medina]]. In the [[pact of brotherhood]] in Medina, the Prophet (s) chose 'Ali (a) as his brother. Except for the [[Battle of Tabuk]] when he stayed in Medina as the deputy of the Prophet (s), 'Ali (a) was with the Prophet (s) in all the battles. He was the most proud commander of Islam. | Based on evidence from the Qur'an, hadith, and history, the Shi'a believe that 'Ali (a) was the direct designated [[successor]] of the Prophet (s). Some verses of the Qur'an point to his [[infallibility]]. According to Shiite and some Sunni sources, roughly three-hundred verses of the Qur'an were revealed with regards to his virtues. When the [[Quraysh]] plotted to assassinate the Prophet (s), it was 'Ali (a) who slept where the Prophet (s) used to sleep, and thus helped the Prophet (s) to secretly leave for [[Medina]]. In the [[pact of brotherhood]] in Medina, the Prophet (s) chose 'Ali (a) as his brother. Except for the [[Battle of Tabuk]] when he stayed in Medina as the deputy of the Prophet (s), 'Ali (a) was with the Prophet (s) in all the battles. He was the most proud commander of Islam. | ||
After the Prophet's (s) demise, a group of people pledged [[allegiance]] with [[Abu Bakr]] in [[Saqifa Bani Sa'ida|Saqifa]] as the [[caliph]] contrary to what the Prophet had explicitly stipulated in [[event of Ghadir|Ghadir]]. 25 years later after the caliphate of Abu Bakr, [['Umar]] and [['Uthman b. Affan|'Uthman]], 'Ali (a) accepted the caliphate at the overwhelming insistence of the Muslims. During his short rule, he was faced with three rebellions and was ultimately assassinated by one of the [[Kharijites]] while praying in the [[Mihrab]] (the prayer niche) of the [[Kufa Mosque]], and was then secretly buried in [[Najaf]]. | After the Prophet's (s) demise, a group of people pledged [[allegiance]] with [[Abu Bakr]] in [[Saqifa Bani Sa'ida|Saqifa]] as the [[caliph]] contrary to what the Prophet had explicitly stipulated in [[event of Ghadir|Ghadir]]. 25 years later after the caliphate of Abu Bakr, [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] and [['Uthman b. Affan|'Uthman]], 'Ali (a) accepted the caliphate at the overwhelming insistence of the Muslims. During his short rule, he was faced with three rebellions and was ultimately assassinated by one of the [[Kharijites]] while praying in the [[Mihrab]] (the prayer niche) of the [[Kufa Mosque]], and was then secretly buried in [[Najaf]]. | ||
Ali (a) is considered as the father of many Islamic sciences including [[Arabic literature]], Islamic [[theology]], [[jurisprudence]], and [[exegesis]]. Scholars of different sciences have tried to trace back the chain of their hadiths to him. ''[[Nahj al-balagha]]'' is a selection of his speeches and letters. | Ali (a) is considered as the father of many Islamic sciences including [[Arabic literature]], Islamic [[theology]], [[jurisprudence]], and [[exegesis]]. Scholars of different sciences have tried to trace back the chain of their hadiths to him. ''[[Nahj al-balagha]]'' is a selection of his speeches and letters. | ||
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{{Template:Family tree of Ahl al-Bayt (a)}} | {{Template:Family tree of Ahl al-Bayt (a)}} | ||
=== | === teknonyms and Titles === | ||
His | His teknonyms were Abu l-Hasan,<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 5.</ref> Abu l-Husayn, [[Abu l-Sibtayn]], [[Abu l-Rayhanatayn]], [[Abu Turab]], and Abu l-A'imma.<ref>Marʿashī Najafī, ''Mawsūʿat al-imāma'', vol. 6, p. 197-198; Muḥammadī Riyshahrī, ''Dānishnāmah-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn'', vol. 14, p. 308.</ref> | ||
In different sources, variety of titles and attributes are mentioned for him, such as: [[Amir al-Mu'minin]] (the Commander of the Faithful), [[Ya'sub al-Din wa l-Muslimin]], Haydar, al-Murtada, Qasim al-Nar wa l-Janna, Sahib al-Liwa', [[al-Siddiq al-Akbar]], [[al-Faruq]], Mubir al-Shirk wa l-Mushrikin, Qatil al-Nakithin wa al-Qasitin wa al-Mariqin, Mawla al-Mu'minin, Shabih Harun, Nafs al-Rasul, Akh al-Rasul, [[Zawj al-Batul]], Sayf Allah al-Maslul, Amir al-Barara, Qatil al-Fajara, Dhu l-Qarnayn, al-Hadi, Sayyid al-'Arab, Kashshaf al-Kurab, al-Da'i, al-Shahid, [[Hadith of Madinat al-'Ilm|Bab al-Madina]], al-Wali, al-Wasi, Qadi Din Rasul Allah, Munjiz Wa'dih, al-Naba' al-'Azim, al-Siraṭ al-Mustaqim, and al-Anza' al-Batin.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Alī b. Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 321-334.</ref> | In different sources, variety of titles and attributes are mentioned for him, such as: [[Amir al-Mu'minin]] (the Commander of the Faithful), [[Ya'sub al-Din wa l-Muslimin]], Haydar, al-Murtada, Qasim al-Nar wa l-Janna, Sahib al-Liwa', [[al-Siddiq al-Akbar]], [[al-Faruq]], Mubir al-Shirk wa l-Mushrikin, Qatil al-Nakithin wa al-Qasitin wa al-Mariqin, Mawla al-Mu'minin, Shabih Harun, Nafs al-Rasul, Akh al-Rasul, [[Zawj al-Batul]], Sayf Allah al-Maslul, Amir al-Barara, Qatil al-Fajara, Dhu l-Qarnayn, al-Hadi, Sayyid al-'Arab, Kashshaf al-Kurab, al-Da'i, al-Shahid, [[Hadith of Madinat al-'Ilm|Bab al-Madina]], al-Wali, al-Wasi, Qadi Din Rasul Allah, Munjiz Wa'dih, al-Naba' al-'Azim, al-Siraṭ al-Mustaqim, and al-Anza' al-Batin.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Alī b. Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 321-334.</ref> | ||
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The Shia also maintain that the companions of Abu Bakr invaded Ali's (a) house to force him to pledge allegiance,<ref>Jawharī, ''al-Saqīfa wa Fadak'', p. 72-73.</ref> during which incident Fatima (a) was hurt and had a miscarriage.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', vol. 1, p. 109.</ref> Abu Bakr also [[Usurpation of Fadak|confiscated Fadak]],<ref>Ustādī, "Fadak," p. 366.</ref> to which Ali (a) objected in defense of Fatima (a).<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 29, p. 124.</ref> The invasion of the Imam's (a) house resulted in Fatima's (a) illness, and led to her martyrdom in [[11]]/[[632 CE|632]].<ref>Ṭabarī al-Imāmī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', p. 134.</ref> | The Shia also maintain that the companions of Abu Bakr invaded Ali's (a) house to force him to pledge allegiance,<ref>Jawharī, ''al-Saqīfa wa Fadak'', p. 72-73.</ref> during which incident Fatima (a) was hurt and had a miscarriage.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', vol. 1, p. 109.</ref> Abu Bakr also [[Usurpation of Fadak|confiscated Fadak]],<ref>Ustādī, "Fadak," p. 366.</ref> to which Ali (a) objected in defense of Fatima (a).<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 29, p. 124.</ref> The invasion of the Imam's (a) house resulted in Fatima's (a) illness, and led to her martyrdom in [[11]]/[[632 CE|632]].<ref>Ṭabarī al-Imāmī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', p. 134.</ref> | ||
Abu Bakr passed away in [[13]]/[[634 CE|634]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 419-420; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 136-138.</ref> Before his death, he appointed [[Umar]] as his successor.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 322, 331.</ref> In [[Muharram]], [[14]]/[[March]], [[635 CE|635]], Umar embarked on a military expedition against the [[Sasanids]]. He camped in an area called Sirar, but some prominent figures, including Imam Ali (a), advised him to remain in Medina, so he returned and sent [[Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas]] to the battle in his place.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 379.</ref> Ibn Athir reports that Ali (a) was a judge during the caliphate of Umar, except in its first few years.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 348, 441.</ref> | Abu Bakr passed away in [[13]]/[[634 CE|634]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 419-420; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 136-138.</ref> Before his death, he appointed [[Umar b. al-Khattab]] as his successor.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 322, 331.</ref> In [[Muharram]], [[14]]/[[March]], [[635 CE|635]], Umar b. al-Khattab embarked on a military expedition against the [[Sasanids]]. He camped in an area called Sirar, but some prominent figures, including Imam Ali (a), advised him to remain in Medina, so he returned and sent [[Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas]] to the battle in his place.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 379.</ref> Ibn Athir reports that Ali (a) was a judge during the caliphate of Umar b. al-Khattab, except in its first few years.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 348, 441.</ref> | ||
In [[16]]/[[637 CE|637]] (or [[17]]/[[638 CE|638]]),<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 348, 453.</ref> upon Ali's (a) suggestion, Umar set the year of the emigration of the Prophet (s) to Medina as the beginning of the [[Islamic calendar]].<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 145; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 4, p. 300.</ref> | In [[16]]/[[637 CE|637]] (or [[17]]/[[638 CE|638]]),<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 348, 453.</ref> upon Ali's (a) suggestion, Umar b. al-Khattab set the year of the emigration of the Prophet (s) to Medina as the beginning of the [[Islamic calendar]].<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 145; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 4, p. 300.</ref> | ||
In [[17]]/[[638 CE|638]], Umar led a military expedition to conquer Jerusalem and announced Ali (a) as his successor in Medina.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 2519-2520.</ref> In the same year,<ref>Nuwayrī, ''Nahāyat al-arab'', vol. 19, p. 347.</ref> after insistence and threatening, Umar married [[Umm Kulthum bt. al-Imam 'Ali (a)|Umm Kulthum]] the daughter of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 5, p. 346; Ṭūsī, ''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām'', vol. 8, p. 161; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', p. 189.</ref> It is reported that Umar announced Ali (a) as his successor in Medina in [[18]]/[[639 CE|639]] as well, when he decided to travel to [[Syria]].<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 513.</ref> | In [[17]]/[[638 CE|638]], Umar b. al-Khattab led a military expedition to conquer Jerusalem and announced Ali (a) as his successor in Medina.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 2519-2520.</ref> In the same year,<ref>Nuwayrī, ''Nahāyat al-arab'', vol. 19, p. 347.</ref> after insistence and threatening, Umar married [[Umm Kulthum bt. al-Imam 'Ali (a)|Umm Kulthum]] the daughter of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 5, p. 346; Ṭūsī, ''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām'', vol. 8, p. 161; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', p. 189.</ref> It is reported that Umar announced Ali (a) as his successor in Medina in [[18]]/[[639 CE|639]] as well, when he decided to travel to [[Syria]].<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 513.</ref> | ||
When Umar was assassinated in [[23]]/[[644 CE|644]] and before his death,<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 540.</ref> he appointed a [[Six-Member Council|council of six members]], including Imam Ali (a), to choose the next caliph.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Tabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 344.</ref> Umar also granted [[Abd al-Rahman b. Awf]] a decisive vote in the council. Abd al-Rahman first asked Imam Ali (a) whether he was ready to accept the caliphate with the condition of acting according to the Qur'an and according to the conduct of the Prophet (s), Abu Bakr, and Umar. The Imam (a) refused to accept the condition of acting according to the conduct of the first two caliphs and said, "I hope I will act according to the book of God and the conduct of the Prophet to the extent of my knowledge, capacity, and ijtihad."<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', vol. 3, p. 71.</ref> Abd al-Rahman then asked Uthman the same question; Uthman accepted the condition, and thus became the next caliph after Umar.<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Imāma wa l-siyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 44-46; Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 4, p. 210.</ref> | When Umar was assassinated in [[23]]/[[644 CE|644]] and before his death,<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 540.</ref> he appointed a [[Six-Member Council|council of six members]], including Imam Ali (a), to choose the next caliph.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Tabaghāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 344.</ref> Umar also granted [[Abd al-Rahman b. Awf]] a decisive vote in the council. Abd al-Rahman first asked Imam Ali (a) whether he was ready to accept the caliphate with the condition of acting according to the Qur'an and according to the conduct of the Prophet (s), Abu Bakr, and Umar. The Imam (a) refused to accept the condition of acting according to the conduct of the first two caliphs and said, "I hope I will act according to the book of God and the conduct of the Prophet to the extent of my knowledge, capacity, and ijtihad."<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', vol. 3, p. 71.</ref> Abd al-Rahman then asked Uthman the same question; Uthman accepted the condition, and thus became the next caliph after Umar.<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Imāma wa l-siyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 44-46; Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 4, p. 210.</ref> | ||
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===During the Caliphate of Abu Bakr=== | ===During the Caliphate of Abu Bakr=== | ||
With the beginning of the caliphate of Abu Bakr some tragic events occurred to the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], such as: [[invasion to the | With the beginning of the caliphate of Abu Bakr some tragic events occurred to the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], such as: [[invasion to the house of hiAli (a)]] in order to secure his [[allegiance]] for [[Abu Bakr]],<ref>Ṭusī, ''Talkhīṣ al-shāfī'', vol. 3, p. 76; Shahristānī, ''al-Milal wa l-niḥal'', vol. 2, p. 95.</ref> the illegal confiscation and [[usurpation of Fadak]],<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 16, p. 316.</ref> and the martyrdom of the [[Lady Fatima (a)]]. | ||
====Forced Allegiance==== | ====Forced Allegiance==== | ||
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'''Brother of the Prophet (s)''' | '''Brother of the Prophet (s)''' | ||
{{main|Pact of Brotherhood}} | {{main|Pact of Brotherhood}} | ||
After his emigration to Medina, the Prophet (s) created bonds of brotherhood between the [[ | After his emigration to Medina, the Prophet (s) created bonds of brotherhood between the [[Muhajirun]] and the [[Ansar]]. Both times, he told 'Ali (a), "You are my brother in this world and in the hereafter", and so he established a bond of brotherhood between himself and 'Ali (a).<ref>Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'a'', vol. 2, p. 27</ref> | ||
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'''Compiling the Qur'an''' | '''Compiling the Qur'an''' | ||
{{Main|Qur'an|Mushaf of Imam 'Ali (a)}} | {{Main|Qur'an|Mushaf of Imam 'Ali (a)}} | ||
Both [[Shi'a]] and [[Sunni]] scholars agree that Imam 'Ali (a) was the pioneer in compiling the Qur'an according to the will and advice of the Prophet (s).<ref>Suyuti, ''al-Itqan'', vol. 1, p. 99; Ibn al-Nadim, ''al-Fihrist'', p. 4241</ref> It is related in a tradition that Imam'Ali (a) swore an oath not to wear his robe [and exit his | Both [[Shi'a]] and [[Sunni]] scholars agree that Imam 'Ali (a) was the pioneer in compiling the Qur'an according to the will and advice of the Prophet (s).<ref>Suyuti, ''al-Itqan'', vol. 1, p. 99; Ibn al-Nadim, ''al-Fihrist'', p. 4241</ref> It is related in a tradition that Imam'Ali (a) swore an oath not to wear his robe [and exit his house] until he had finished compiling the Qur'an.<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, ''al-Fihrist'', p. 41-42</ref> It is also said that Imam 'Ali (a) compiled the Qur'an within six months of the demise of the Prophet (s).<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 89, p. 52</ref> | ||
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{{Imam 'Ali (a)}} | {{Imam 'Ali (a)}} | ||
{{Sahaba}} | {{Sahaba}} | ||
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| featured article =July 14, 2014 | | featured article =July 14, 2014 | ||
}}</onlyinclude> | }}</onlyinclude> | ||
[[Category:Imams (a)]] | [[Category:Imams (a)]] | ||