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Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (a): Difference between revisions
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In [[Dhu l-Hijja]], [[35]]/[[June]], [[656 CE|656]] and after the assassination of Uthman, Ali (a) became the caliph and the leader of the Muslim ummah.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 58.</ref> Except some of the close people to Uthman and some Companions (the [[Qa'idun]] "the sitting ones"), all the Companions in Medina pledged their allegiance to Imam Ali (a). Two days after the beginning of his caliphate, in his first sermon, Ali (a) urged that all the wealth and properties that had been unjustly taken must be returned, and emphasized justice with regard to the distribution of public properties and wealth. | In [[Dhu l-Hijja]], [[35]]/[[June]], [[656 CE|656]] and after the assassination of Uthman, Ali (a) became the caliph and the leader of the Muslim ummah.<ref>Maʿādīkhāh, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'', p. 58.</ref> Except some of the close people to Uthman and some Companions (the [[Qa'idun]] "the sitting ones"), all the Companions in Medina pledged their allegiance to Imam Ali (a). Two days after the beginning of his caliphate, in his first sermon, Ali (a) urged that all the wealth and properties that had been unjustly taken must be returned, and emphasized justice with regard to the distribution of public properties and wealth. | ||
In [[36]]/[[656 CE|656]], [[Talha b. Ubayd Allah]] and [[Zubayr b. Awam]] broke their allegiance to Ali and headed to Mecca to join [[Aisha]], who had called for revenge against the murderers of Uthman. With their supporters, Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr left Mecca for Basra to start the [[Battle of the Camel]], the first civil war in the Muslim community. The battle broke out near [[Basra]] between Imam Ali (a) and the [[Nakithun]] (“Those Who Broke Their Allegiance”) and ended with the latter'a defeat. Talha and Zubayr were killed and A'isha was sent to Medina. The Imam (a) went to Basra and declared general amnesty. Then, in [[Rajab]] [[36]]/[[January]] [[657 CE|657], he entered [[Kufa]] and made the city his capital. | In [[36]]/[[656 CE|656]], [[Talha b. Ubayd Allah]] and [[Zubayr b. Awam]] broke their allegiance to Ali and headed to Mecca to join [[Aisha]], who had called for revenge against the murderers of Uthman. With their supporters, Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr left Mecca for Basra to start the [[Battle of the Camel]], the first civil war in the Muslim community. The battle broke out near [[Basra]] between Imam Ali (a) and the [[Nakithun]] (“Those Who Broke Their Allegiance”) and ended with the latter'a defeat. Talha and Zubayr were killed and A'isha was sent to Medina. The Imam (a) went to Basra and declared general amnesty. Then, in [[Rajab]] [[36]]/[[January]] [[657 CE|657]], he entered [[Kufa]] and made the city his capital. | ||
In the same year, Imam Ali (a) called [[Mu'awiya]] to pledge his allegiance to him. When Mu'awiya rebelliously refused to recognize the Imam's caliphate, Imam Ali (a) decided to remove him from the governorship of Syria and embarked on a military expedition to [[Damascus]] against Mu'awiya in [[Shawwal]] [[36]]/[[April]] [[657 CE|657]]. Thus, a battle that took place between the two parties in an area called [[Siffin]] (hence the name "the [[Battle of Siffin]]") towards the end of the year [[36]]/[[657 CE|657]] and the beginning of [[37]]/[[657 CE|657]]. Some scholars maintain that unlike what al-Tabari and Ibn Athir have mentioned, the peak of the war was in [[38]]/[[658 CE|658]], not in [[Safar]] [[37]]/[[August]] [[657 CE|657]]. As the army of the Imam (a) was about to win the battle, [[Amr b. al-'As]] advised Mu'awiya to have his troops lift copies of the Qur'an on their lances and call the army of Ali (a) to the Quran's arbitration. Under the pressure of his army, the Imam (a) accepted the [[arbitration]] and was forced to introduce [[Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]] as the arbitrator from his side. However, shortly after the Imam's acceptance of the arbitration, a number of his troops objected to his decision and, referring to [[Qur'an 5:44]] and [[Qur'an 49:9|49:9]], demanded that the war with Mu'awiya should continue. They considered the acceptance of arbitration an act of [[apostasy]], from which they repented. While some of them were among the ones who had forced the Imam (a) to accept the arbitration, the objectors demanded that the Imam (a) also must repent and violate his agreements with Mu'awiya. The Imam (a) rejected their demands and announced that he would continue the war with the Syrian army if the two arbitrators did not arbitrate based on the Qur'an. | In the same year, Imam Ali (a) called [[Mu'awiya]] to pledge his allegiance to him. When Mu'awiya rebelliously refused to recognize the Imam's caliphate, Imam Ali (a) decided to remove him from the governorship of Syria and embarked on a military expedition to [[Damascus]] against Mu'awiya in [[Shawwal]] [[36]]/[[April]] [[657 CE|657]]. Thus, a battle that took place between the two parties in an area called [[Siffin]] (hence the name "the [[Battle of Siffin]]") towards the end of the year [[36]]/[[657 CE|657]] and the beginning of [[37]]/[[657 CE|657]]. Some scholars maintain that unlike what al-Tabari and Ibn Athir have mentioned, the peak of the war was in [[38]]/[[658 CE|658]], not in [[Safar]] [[37]]/[[August]] [[657 CE|657]]. As the army of the Imam (a) was about to win the battle, [[Amr b. al-'As]] advised Mu'awiya to have his troops lift copies of the Qur'an on their lances and call the army of Ali (a) to the Quran's arbitration. Under the pressure of his army, the Imam (a) accepted the [[arbitration]] and was forced to introduce [[Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]] as the arbitrator from his side. However, shortly after the Imam's acceptance of the arbitration, a number of his troops objected to his decision and, referring to [[Qur'an 5:44]] and [[Qur'an 49:9|49:9]], demanded that the war with Mu'awiya should continue. They considered the acceptance of arbitration an act of [[apostasy]], from which they repented. While some of them were among the ones who had forced the Imam (a) to accept the arbitration, the objectors demanded that the Imam (a) also must repent and violate his agreements with Mu'awiya. The Imam (a) rejected their demands and announced that he would continue the war with the Syrian army if the two arbitrators did not arbitrate based on the Qur'an. | ||
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During the arbitration, Amr b. al-'As, the arbitrator from Mu'awiya's side, deceived Abu Musa into announcing that they had agreed on the removal of both Mu'awiya and Ali (a) from power. When Abu Musa announced so, Amr rose and announced that he also removed Ali (a) from power but made Mu'awiya the sole ruler of the Muslim community. The Imam's (a) companions objected to the arbitration, and some of them, who later formed the first [[Kharijites]], considered the acceptance of the arbitration an act of apostasy, left the Imam's army, and gathered in [[Harura]] instead of returning to Kufa. | During the arbitration, Amr b. al-'As, the arbitrator from Mu'awiya's side, deceived Abu Musa into announcing that they had agreed on the removal of both Mu'awiya and Ali (a) from power. When Abu Musa announced so, Amr rose and announced that he also removed Ali (a) from power but made Mu'awiya the sole ruler of the Muslim community. The Imam's (a) companions objected to the arbitration, and some of them, who later formed the first [[Kharijites]], considered the acceptance of the arbitration an act of apostasy, left the Imam's army, and gathered in [[Harura]] instead of returning to Kufa. | ||
The objections of the Kharijites continued for six months. Imam Ali (a) sent [['Abd Allah b. al-'Abbas]] and [[Sa'sa'a b. Sawhan]] to talk to them and convince them to end their protest—a request which the Kharijites refused. Afterwards, the Imam (a) asked them to choose twelve people for a dialogue with twelve representatives of the Imam (a). He also wrote a letter to the leaders of the Kharijites and asked them to return to the community, but 'Abd Allah b. Wahb, one of the Kharijite leaders, reminded the Imam (a) that he had committed an act of apostasy and must repent. The Imam (a) also called the Kharijites several more times through prominent figures such as [[Qays b. Sa'd b. 'Ubada]] and [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari]] to return and granted them amnesty if they did so. However, when none of the solutions worked, Imam Ali (a) decided to confront them with an army of fourteen thousand men. The two armies met in an area called [[Nahrawan]]. Imam Ali (a) emphasized that his troops should not begin the battle. So the Kharijites started the battle and were soon defeated; all of them were either killed or wounded, whereas only less than ten soldiers from the Imam's (a) army were killed in the battle. The wounded (about 400 men) from the Kharijites were given to their families. Only ten Kharijites could flee the battleground, one of whom was [[Abd al-Rahman b. Muljam al-Muradi]], the assassinator of Imam Ali (a). Ibn Muljam attacked the Imam (a) on the eve of [[Ramadan 19]], [[40]]/[[January 26]], [[661 CE|661]] in the [[mosque of Kufa]] and wounded him with his poisoned sword. Two days later, on [[Ramadan 19]]/[[January 28]], Imam Ali (a) was martyred at the age of 63{{enote|Lunar years}} and was secretly buried. | The objections of the Kharijites continued for six months. Imam Ali (a) sent [['Abd Allah b. al-'Abbas]] and [[Sa'sa'a b. Sawhan]] to talk to them and convince them to end their protest—a request which the Kharijites refused. Afterwards, the Imam (a) asked them to choose twelve people for a dialogue with twelve representatives of the Imam (a). He also wrote a letter to the leaders of the Kharijites and asked them to return to the community, but 'Abd Allah b. Wahb, one of the Kharijite leaders, reminded the Imam (a) that he had committed an act of apostasy and must repent. The Imam (a) also called the Kharijites several more times through prominent figures such as [[Qays b. Sa'd b. 'Ubada]] and [[Abu Ayyub al-Ansari]] to return and granted them amnesty if they did so. However, when none of the solutions worked, Imam Ali (a) decided to confront them with an army of fourteen thousand men. The two armies met in an area called [[Nahrawan]]. Imam Ali (a) emphasized that his troops should not begin the battle. So the Kharijites started the battle and were soon defeated; all of them were either killed or wounded, whereas only less than ten soldiers from the Imam's (a) army were killed in the battle. The wounded (about 400 men) from the Kharijites were given to their families. Only ten Kharijites could flee the battleground, one of whom was [[Abd al-Rahman b. Muljam al-Muradi]], the assassinator of Imam Ali (a). Ibn Muljam attacked the Imam (a) on the eve of [[Ramadan 19]], [[40]]/[[January 26]], [[661 CE|661]] in the [[mosque of Kufa]] and wounded him with his poisoned sword. Two days later, on [[Ramadan 19]]/[[January 28]], Imam Ali (a) was martyred at the age of 63{{enote|Lunar years}} and was secretly buried. | ||
=== Spouses and Children === | === Spouses and Children === | ||