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== Terminology == | == Terminology == | ||
Riya' is derived from the root "R-'A-Y" (Arabic: {{ia|ر-أ-ي}}) meaning that a person performs an action to attract people's attention. It is also used meaning "to pretend and show off to others". The meaning of riya' in religious context is that a person does a good action to pretend and show off to people, not for the sake of God. Riya' may happen both in worship such as in prayer and also in actions not considered as worship such as in [[infaq]] ["spending without asking for any favor or hoping for a return"]. | Riya' is derived from the root "R-'A-Y" (Arabic: {{ia|ر-أ-ي}}) meaning that a person performs an action to attract people's attention.<ref>Ibn Fāris, ''Muʿjam maqāyīs al-lugha'', p. 473.</ref> It is also used meaning "to pretend and show off to others".<ref>Qarashī, ''Qāmūs al-Qurʾān'', vol. 3, p. 30.</ref> The meaning of riya' in religious context is that a person does a good action to pretend and show off to people, not for the sake of God. Riya' may happen both in worship such as in prayer and also in actions not considered as worship such as in [[infaq]] ["spending without asking for any favor or hoping for a return"]. | ||
== In the Qur'an == | == In the Qur'an == | ||
The word riya' is mentioned five times in the Qur'an: three times as infinitive and twice as verb and in all the five times, it has been used in its technical sense. | The word riya' is mentioned five times in the Qur'an: three times as infinitive and twice as verb and in all the five times, it has been used in its technical sense. | ||
* Riya' in infaq: "O you who have faith! Do not render your charities void by reproaches and affronts, like those who spend their wealth to be seen by people and have no faith in [[Allah]] and the [[Last Day]]." | * Riya' in infaq: "O you who have faith! Do not render your charities void by reproaches and affronts, like those who spend their wealth to be seen by people and have no faith in [[Allah]] and the [[Last Day]]."<ref>Qur'an, 2:264.</ref> | ||
* Riya' in fighting with the enemy: "Do not be like those who left their homes vainly and to show off to the people, and to bar [other people] from the way of Allah" | * Riya' in fighting with the enemy: "Do not be like those who left their homes vainly and to show off to the people, and to bar [other people] from the way of Allah"<ref>Qur'an, 8:47.</ref> In this verse, God considered pride and riya' among the drawbacks of power in battlefields. | ||
* Riya' as an independent concept: "those who show off" | * Riya' as an independent concept: "those who show off"<ref>Qur'an, 107:6.</ref> | ||
== Who are they? == | == Who are they? == | ||
The Qur'an has mentioned examples of those who show off: | The Qur'an has mentioned examples of those who show off: | ||
* Those who have no [[faith]] in Allah and the Last Day. With regards to the interpretations made for this verse, God Almighty likens those who do [[charity]] followed by make reproaches and affronts, to faithless pretentious people who invalidate their charities; meaning that a hypocrite's action is invalid from the beginning, because such a person basically has no faith in God and the [[Day of Judgment]] whose actions will not be accepted. | * '''Those who have no [[faith]] in Allah and the Last Day'''<ref>Qur'an, 2:264.</ref> With regards to the interpretations made for this verse, God Almighty likens those who do [[charity]] followed by make reproaches and affronts, to faithless pretentious people who invalidate their charities;<ref>Ṭabāṭabāyī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 2, p. 597.</ref> meaning that a hypocrite's action is invalid from the beginning, because such a person basically has no faith in God and the [[Day of Judgment]] whose actions will not be accepted. | ||
* [[Hypocrites]]: according to the Qur'an, pretending in prayer is among characteristics of hypocrites and a sign of hypocrisy. | * '''[[Hypocrites]]''':<ref>Qurʾān, 4:142.</ref> according to the Qur'an, pretending in prayer is among characteristics of hypocrites and a sign of hypocrisy. | ||
* Deniers of the Day of Judgment | * '''Deniers of the Day of Judgment'''<ref>Qurʾān, 107:6.</ref> | ||
* Associates of [[Satan]] | * '''Associates of [[Satan]]'''<ref>Qurʾān, 4:38.</ref> | ||
== Ruling of Riya' == | == Ruling of Riya' == | ||
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== Different Types of Riya' in Worship == | == Different Types of Riya' in Worship == | ||
==== In a Part of Worship ==== | ==== In a Part of Worship ==== | ||
Riya' invalidates the worship and it is not important whether it happens in all parts of an act of worship or only in a single part of it. Also, it does not make any difference between [[obligatory]] and [[recommended]] parts; however, some [[faqihs]] maintain that riya' in recommended parts of worship such as [[qunut]] does not invalidate the action. | Riya' invalidates the worship and it is not important whether it happens in all parts of an act of worship or only in a single part of it. Also, it does not make any difference between [[obligatory]] and [[recommended]] parts;<ref>Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 9, p. 187.</ref> however, some [[faqihs]] maintain that riya' in recommended parts of worship such as [[qunut]] does not invalidate the action.<ref>Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā'', p. 442-443.</ref> | ||
==== In Requirements of Worship ==== | ==== In Requirements of Worship ==== | ||
Riya' in requirements of worship and other actions which are not regarded as worship does not invalidate the worship itself; for example, if someone goes to [[mosque]] pretentiously, but he performs the prayer with sincerity, his prayer is valid. | Riya' in requirements of worship and other actions which are not regarded as worship does not invalidate the worship itself; for example, if someone goes to [[mosque]] pretentiously, but he performs the prayer with sincerity, his prayer is valid.<ref>Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā'', p. 444-445.</ref> | ||
==== In the Manner of Performing the Action ==== | ==== In the Manner of Performing the Action ==== | ||
If someone is sincere in his act of worship, but some of the characteristics of his action are to show off, some believe that his worship is invalid while some others have rejected it; such as a person who performs his prayer in congregation or on time for riya'. | If someone is sincere in his act of worship, but some of the characteristics of his action are to show off, some believe that his worship is invalid while some others have rejected it; such as a person who performs his prayer in congregation or on time for riya'.<ref>Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 9, p. 188-189; Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā'', p. 443.</ref> | ||
== Subjects of Riya' == | == Subjects of Riya' == | ||
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== Effects and Consequences== | == Effects and Consequences== | ||
According to [[verses]] and [[hadiths]], some of the consequences of riya' are: | According to [[verses]] and [[hadiths]], some of the consequences of riya' are: | ||
* Invalidation of infaq. | * Invalidation of infaq.<ref>Qurʾān, 2:264.</ref> | ||
* Deprivation from the Love of God | * Deprivation from the Love of God<ref>Qurʾān, 4:36-38.</ref> | ||
* Association with Satan | * Association with Satan<ref>Qurʾān, 4:38.</ref> | ||
* Relation with Polytheism: it is narrated from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] that, "any kind of riya' is [[polytheism]], for anyone who acts for the sake of people, his reward is upon them and anyone who acts for the sake of [[God]], his reward is upon Him." | * Relation with Polytheism: it is narrated from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] that, "any kind of riya' is [[polytheism]], for anyone who acts for the sake of people, his reward is upon them and anyone who acts for the sake of [[God]], his reward is upon Him."<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 13, p. 407.</ref> | ||
== Treatment == | == Treatment == | ||
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== Permissible Cases of Showing Actions to Others == | == Permissible Cases of Showing Actions to Others == | ||
In many cases, performing action openly is not considered riya' and is even recommended; such as performing good and righteous actions for the purpose of motivating others, preaching [[religion]] or fighting against [[temptations of Satan]]. | In many cases, performing action openly is not considered riya' and is even recommended; such as performing good and righteous actions for the purpose of motivating others, preaching [[religion]] or fighting against [[temptations of Satan]]. | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{Notes}} | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* | *Ibn Fāris, Aḥmad. ''Muʿjam maqāyīs al-lugha''. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Aʿlām al-Islāmī, 1404 AH. | ||
*Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. ''Tafsīr-i nimūna''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1380 Sh. | |||
*Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan al-. ''Jawāhir al-kalām''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1362 Sh. | |||
*Qarashī, ʿAlī Akbar al-. ''Qāmūs al-Qurʾān''. Sixth edition. Qom: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, [n.d]. | |||
*Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. ''Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Qom: Muʾassisa-yi Maṭbūʿātī Ismāʿīlīyān, [n.d]. | |||
*Yazdī, Sayyid Muḥammad Kāẓīm al-Ṭabāṭabāyī al-. ''Al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā''. Qom: Miytham-i Tammār, [n.d]. | |||
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{{Ethic}} | {{Ethic}} | ||
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