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Abu l-Aswad al-Du'ali: Difference between revisions
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In the [[Battle of Siffin]], at the command of Imam Ali (a), [[Ibn 'Abbas]] ordered Abu l-Aswad to mobilize the forces,<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 78-79.</ref> then he departed to join the Imam (a), and appointed Abu l-Aswad as his successor in [[Basra]]<ref>Naṣr b. Muzāhim, ''Waqʿat Ṣiffīn'', vol. 117; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 355; Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 166.</ref> to be the Imam of [[congregational prayers]] and serve as a judge, and appointed [[Ziyad b. Abih]] as the supervisor of bureaucratical affairs and taxes. During this period, they were hostile to each other, leading Abu l-Aswad to compose libels against Ziyad.<ref>Yaghmūrī, ''Nūr al-qabas'', p. 8; Iṣfahānī, ''al-ʾAghānī'', vol. 12, p. 311-312.</ref> | In the [[Battle of Siffin]], at the command of Imam Ali (a), [[Ibn 'Abbas]] ordered Abu l-Aswad to mobilize the forces,<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 78-79.</ref> then he departed to join the Imam (a), and appointed Abu l-Aswad as his successor in [[Basra]]<ref>Naṣr b. Muzāhim, ''Waqʿat Ṣiffīn'', vol. 117; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 355; Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 166.</ref> to be the Imam of [[congregational prayers]] and serve as a judge, and appointed [[Ziyad b. Abih]] as the supervisor of bureaucratical affairs and taxes. During this period, they were hostile to each other, leading Abu l-Aswad to compose libels against Ziyad.<ref>Yaghmūrī, ''Nūr al-qabas'', p. 8; Iṣfahānī, ''al-ʾAghānī'', vol. 12, p. 311-312.</ref> | ||
On one account, which is not reliable, in the Battle of Siffin, Imam Ali (a) wanted to choose Abu l-Aswad for [[Arbitration]].<ref>Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, ''al- | On one account, which is not reliable, in the Battle of Siffin, Imam Ali (a) wanted to choose Abu l-Aswad for [[Arbitration]].<ref>Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, ''al-ʿIqd al-farīd'', vol. 4, p. 346, 349; Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq'', vol. 5, p. 329.</ref> After the battle, Ibn 'Abbas returned to Basra, and when [[Khawarij]] began their seditions, he—as the ruler of Basra—sent Abu l-Aswad to combat them.<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 205; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 76-77.</ref> After a while, Abu l-Aswad accused Ibn 'Abbas of frauds in the Treasury, as a result of which Imam Ali (a) reprimanded Ibn 'Abbas.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 205; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh Ṭabarī'', vol. 5, p. 141; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 169-170; Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, ''al-ʿIqd al-farīd'', vol. 4, p. 354-355; Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, ''Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ'', p. 150-151.</ref> After this, Ibn 'Abbas left Basra and went to [[Hijaz]].<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 169-170; Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, ''al-ʿIqd al-farīd'', vol. 4, p. 354-355; Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, ''Tadhkirat al-khawāṣ'', p. 150-151.</ref> The attempts by Abu l-Aswad and his tribe to dissuade Ibn 'Abbas from leaving Basra was to no avail.<ref>Ibn al-Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'',vol. 3, p. 387.</ref> Before leaving the city, Ibn 'Abbas appointed Ziyad b. Abih as his successor. Abu l-Aswad was angry that Ibn 'Abbas did not appoint him as his successor.<ref>Ibn al-Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 426.</ref> | ||
Ziyad b. Abih's rule in Basra lasted until a person was sent to Basra by [[Mu'awiya]]. His presence in Basra led to conflicts and Ziyad escaped from Dar al-Imara (House of the Emir). Later in 39/659, he was sent by Imam Ali (a) to Fars where he stayed until the [[martyrdom]] of the Imam (a). During this time, the administration of the city was probably undertaken by Abu l-Aswad al-Du'ali though in a non-official way, or at least, he was busy with his previous tasks. | Ziyad b. Abih's rule in Basra lasted until a person was sent to Basra by [[Mu'awiya]]. His presence in Basra led to conflicts and Ziyad escaped from Dar al-Imara (House of the Emir). Later in 39/659, he was sent by Imam Ali (a) to Fars where he stayed until the [[martyrdom]] of the Imam (a). During this time, the administration of the city was probably undertaken by Abu l-Aswad al-Du'ali though in a non-official way, or at least, he was busy with his previous tasks. | ||
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==The Period of Mu'awiya== | ==The Period of Mu'awiya== | ||
In [[44]]/664, Ibn 'Amir, the ruler of Basra, sent delegates from Basra to Mu'awiya.<ref>Ibn al-Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 3, p. 440.</ref> Abu l-Aswad was one of the delegates. He and [[Ahnaf b. Qays]] went to Mu'awiya and talked harshly to him.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, ''al- | In [[44]]/664, Ibn 'Amir, the ruler of Basra, sent delegates from Basra to Mu'awiya.<ref>Ibn al-Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 3, p. 440.</ref> Abu l-Aswad was one of the delegates. He and [[Ahnaf b. Qays]] went to Mu'awiya and talked harshly to him.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, ''al-ʿIqd al-farīd'', vol. 4, p. 349; Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq'', vol. 5, p. 327, 329; Ibn ʿAdīm, ''Bughyat al-ṭalab'', vol. 3, p. 1315.</ref> | ||
In [[45]]/665, Mu'awiya appointed Ziyad b. Abih as the ruler of [[Iraq]].<ref>Ibn al-Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 3, p. 447.</ref> While Abu l-Aswad was not on good terms with him since a long time ago, he still visited Ziyad frequently and whenever he was offended by him, he composed a poem and reproached him. Moreover, he was not much respected probably because of his associations with Imam Ali (a).<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 356; Iṣfahānī, ''al-ʾAghānī'', vol. 12, p. 312-313.</ref> | In [[45]]/665, Mu'awiya appointed Ziyad b. Abih as the ruler of [[Iraq]].<ref>Ibn al-Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 3, p. 447.</ref> While Abu l-Aswad was not on good terms with him since a long time ago, he still visited Ziyad frequently and whenever he was offended by him, he composed a poem and reproached him. Moreover, he was not much respected probably because of his associations with Imam Ali (a).<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 356; Iṣfahānī, ''al-ʾAghānī'', vol. 12, p. 312-313.</ref> | ||
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* Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb''. Hyderabad Deccan: 1327 AH. | * Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Tahdhīb al-tahdhīb''. Hyderabad Deccan: 1327 AH. | ||
* Ibn Darīd, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan. ''Jamharat al-lugha''. Hyderabad Deccan: 1345 AH. | * Ibn Darīd, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan. ''Jamharat al-lugha''. Hyderabad Deccan: 1345 AH. | ||
* Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, Aḥmad Muḥammad. ''Al- | * Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, Aḥmad Muḥammad. ''Al-ʿIqd al-farīd''. Edited by Aḥmad Amīn and others. Beirut: 1402 AH-1982. | ||
* Ibn ʿAdīm, ʿUmar b. Aḥmad. ''Bughyat al-ṭalab''. Edited by Suhayl Zukār. Damascus: 1409 AH-1988. | * Ibn ʿAdīm, ʿUmar b. Aḥmad. ''Bughyat al-ṭalab''. Edited by Suhayl Zukār. Damascus: 1409 AH-1988. | ||
* Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan. ''Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq''. Manuscript held at the Library of Aḥmed III in Istanbul. No 2887. | * Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan. ''Tārīkh madīnat Dimashq''. Manuscript held at the Library of Aḥmed III in Istanbul. No 2887. | ||