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'''Namima (calumny)''' or '''Nammāmi''' (Arabic: {{ia|النمیمه}}) is among [[greater sins]] and refers to mentioning someone's words to others in order to ruin their friendly relationships. Namima is a sin of the tongue and is criticized in the [[Qur'an]] and [[hadiths]]. It usually accompanies some other moral vices such as [[ | '''Namima (calumny)''' or '''Nammāmi''' (Arabic: {{ia|النمیمه}}) is among [[greater sins]] and refers to mentioning someone's words to others in order to ruin their friendly relationships. Namima is a sin of the tongue and is criticized in the [[Qur'an]] and [[hadiths]]. It usually accompanies some other moral vices such as [[backbiting]] and [[tuhma]] (slander) and originates from vices such as [[envy]]. Murder, humiliation, and debasement are mentioned among its consequences in this world and the [[hereafter]]. | ||
== Definition == | == Definition == | ||
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== In the Qur'an and Hadiths == | == In the Qur'an and Hadiths == | ||
The word "namim" is mentioned once in the Qur'an. In [[ | The word "namim" is mentioned once in the Qur'an. In verse 11 of [[Qur'an 68]], following namims (calumniators) is prohibited.{{enote|scandal-monger, talebearer}} It is said that the word "humaza" in the first verse of [[Qur'an 104]] is namim. Also, some [[exegete]]s interpreted the expression "hammalat al-hatab" about [[Abu Lahab's]] wife in the Qur'an referring to her namima (calumny). | ||
Some scholars of ethics considered a namim among those criticized in [[ | Some scholars of ethics considered a namim among those criticized in verse 27 of [[Qur'an 2]],{{enote|—those who break the covenant made with Allah after having pledged it solemnly, and sever what Allah has commanded to be joined, and cause corruption on the earth—it is they who are the losers.}} and verse 42 [[Qur'an 42]].{{enote|The ground for action is only against those who oppress the people and commit tyranny in the land in violation of justice. For such there will be a painful punishment.}} | ||
Namima in hadiths has been criticized as one of moral vices and [[greater sins]]. In ''[[al-Kafi]]'', [[al-Kulayni]] has mentioned three hadiths under the title of al-namima. In these hadiths, a namim has been mentioned the worst of people and deprived of entering the [[paradise]]. Some hadiths have mentioned namima among the causes which bring about the [[punishments of the grave]]. In some others, the tendency toward practicing it has been mentioned among characteristics of hypocrites. | Namima in hadiths has been criticized as one of moral vices and [[greater sins]]. In ''[[al-Kafi]]'', [[al-Kulayni]] has mentioned three hadiths under the title of al-namima. In these hadiths, a namim has been mentioned the worst of people and deprived of entering the [[paradise]]. Some hadiths have mentioned namima among the causes which bring about the [[punishments of the grave]]. In some others, the tendency toward practicing it has been mentioned among characteristics of hypocrites. | ||
== In | == In Jurisprudence and Ethics == | ||
In the books of ethics, namima is mentioned under [[moral vices]] and sins of the tongue (harms of the tongue). Also in the books of [[ | In the books of ethics, namima is mentioned under [[moral vices]] and sins of the tongue (harms of the tongue). Also in the books of [[jurisprudence]], it has been mentioned in discussions about hudud and [[ta'zirat]] (discretionary punishments) and [[makasib al-muharrama]] (forbidden businesses). | ||
=== Rulings in | === Rulings in Jurisprudence === | ||
Namima is among greater sins and is forbidden. In ''[[Irshad al-qulub]]'', [[Hasan b. Abi l-Hasan al-Daylami|Daylami]] has mentioned it a sin greater than backbiting. [[Al-'Allama al-Hilli]] said that an army commander should not include a namim in his army; and, if a namim participates in the war, he should not receive a share of [[booties]]. | Namima is among greater sins and is forbidden. In ''[[Irshad al-qulub]]'', [[Hasan b. Abi l-Hasan al-Daylami|Daylami]] has mentioned it a sin greater than backbiting. [[Al-'Allama al-Hilli]] said that an army commander should not include a namim in his army; and, if a namim participates in the war, he should not receive a share of [[booties]]. | ||
In the views of [[Shi'a]] | In the views of [[Shi'a]] [[jurists]], earning property through namima is [[Haram (fiqh)|forbidden]]. Also, if someone attributes namima to another, he will receive a ta'zir (discretionary punishment). | ||
''' Exception ''' | ''' Exception ''' | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
*The material for this article is mainly taken from [ | *The material for this article is mainly taken from {{ia|[[:fa:سخنچینی|سخنچینی]]}} in Farsi WikiShia. | ||
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