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Culpable Ignorant: Difference between revisions
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==Definition== | ==Definition== | ||
In [[usul al-fiqh]], an ignorant (Jahil) is said to be of two types: inculpable (al-jahil al-qasir) and culpable. A culpable ignorant is a person who does not know the rulings and obligations in the shari'a, although he had the power to learn them. | In [[usul al-fiqh]], an ignorant (Jahil) is said to be of two types: inculpable (al-jahil al-qasir) and culpable.<ref>Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, ''Farhang-i fiqh'', vol. 3, p. 153.</ref> A culpable ignorant is a person who does not know the rulings and obligations in the shari'a, although he had the power to learn them.<ref>Wilāyī, ''Farhang-i tashrīḥī'', vol. 1, p. 241.</ref> | ||
==Worships by a Culpable Ignorant== | ==Worships by a Culpable Ignorant== | ||
Shiite jurists hold that worships done by a culpable ignorant are acceptable if they match the views of his or her marja' or the de facto obligation and are done with the [[intention]] of approaching [[God]] (qasd al-qurba). [[faqihs|Jurists]] have appealed to certain [[hadith]]s to show that in two specific cases, the worships done by a culpable ignorant are acceptable even if they do not match his or her de facto obligations. The two specific cases are as follows: | Shiite jurists hold that worships done by a culpable ignorant are acceptable if they match the views of his or her marja' or the de facto obligation and are done with the [[intention]] of approaching [[God]] (qasd al-qurba).<ref>Najafī, ''Majmaʿ al-rasāʾil'', vol. 1, p. 41.</ref> [[faqihs|Jurists]] have appealed to certain [[hadith]]s to show that in two specific cases, the worships done by a culpable ignorant are acceptable even if they do not match his or her de facto obligations.<ref>''Farhangnāma-yi uṣūl-i fiqh'', vol. 1, p. 374.</ref> The two specific cases are as follows: | ||
#The case in which he or she should perform a [[Qasr Prayer]] but performs it fully. | #The case in which he or she should perform a [[Qasr Prayer]] but performs it fully. | ||
#The case in which he or she should say the prayer quietly but says it loudly, or vice versa (he or she should say the prayer loudly but says it quietly). | #The case in which he or she should say the prayer quietly but says it loudly, or vice versa (he or she should say the prayer loudly but says it quietly).<ref>''Farhangnāma-yi uṣūl-i fiqh'', vol. 1, p. 374.</ref> | ||
==Punishment of the Culpable Ignorant== | ==Punishment of the Culpable Ignorant== | ||
Shiite scholars hold that a culpable ignorant deserves punishments in the hereafter. | Shiite scholars hold that a culpable ignorant deserves punishments in the hereafter.<ref>Subḥānī, ''Masāʾil-i jadīd-i kalāmī'', vol. 1, p. 333.</ref> | ||
There are different theories about the ground of his or her punishment: | There are different theories about the ground of his or her punishment:<ref>Pūr Allāhyār, "Barrasī-yi masʾūlīyat-i jāhil bi qānūn", p. 37.</ref> | ||
#The majority of jurists maintain that a culpable ignorant will be punished because of failing to do his or her de facto obligations. | #The majority of jurists maintain that a culpable ignorant will be punished because of failing to do his or her de facto obligations.<ref>Mūsawī Bujnurdī, ''ʿIlm-i uṣūl'', p. 85.</ref> | ||
#According to [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Ardabili]] and [[Sahib al-Madarik]], God will punish the culpable ignorant because he or she failed to learn the obligations, rather than failing to do his or her de facto obligations. | #According to [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Ardabili]] and [[Sahib al-Madarik]], God will punish the culpable ignorant because he or she failed to learn the obligations, rather than failing to do his or her de facto obligations.<ref>Mūsawī Bujnurdī, ''ʿIlm-i uṣūl'', p. 86.</ref> | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
*[[inculpable ignorant]] | *[[inculpable ignorant]] | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{Notes}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{ref}} | |||
*Group of author. ''Farhangnāma-yi uṣūl-i fiqh''. Qom: Pazhūhishgāh-i ʿUlūm wa Farhang-i Islāmī, 1389 Sh. | |||
*Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Maḥmūd. ''Farhang-i fiqh muṭābiq-i madhhab-i Ahl al-Bayt (a)''. Qom: Markaz Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif Fiqh al-Islāmī, 1382 Sh. | |||
*Mūsawī Bujnurdī, Sayyid Muḥammad. ''ʿIlm-i uṣūl''. Tehran: Muʾassisa-yi Chāp Wa Nashr-i ʿUrūj, 1379 Sh. | |||
*Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan al-. ''Majmaʿ al-rasāʾil''. Mashhad: Muʾassisa-yi Ḥaḍrat-i Ṣāḥib al-Zamān, 1373 Sh. | |||
*Pūr Allāhyār, Ḥasan. 1385 Sh. "Barrasī-yi masʾūlīyat-i jāhil bi qānūn dar Iran." ''Nashrīya-yi ʿAllāma'' 9:31-54. | |||
*Subḥānī, Jaʿfar. ''Masāʾil-i jadīd-i kalāmī''. Qom: Muʾassisa-yi Imām Ṣādiq, 1382 Sh. | |||
*Wilāyī, ʿIsā. ''Farhang-i tashrīḥī-yi iṣṭilāḥāt-i uṣūl-i fiqh''. Tehran: Nashr-i Niy, 1373 Sh. | |||
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