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Al-Farazdaq: Difference between revisions
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== Lineage, Title, and Kunya == | == Lineage, Title, and Kunya == | ||
Hammam b. Ghalib b. Sa'sa'a b. 'Iqal was considered among the great personalities of [[Banu Tamim]]. His father, Ghalib was a generous and honorable person and was among the chiefs of his people. His mother Layla bt. Habis was the sister of [[Aqra' b. Habis al-Tamimi]] who was a [[companion of the Prophet (s)]]. In historical sources, there is no mention of the exact year of his birth and with regards to the disagreement existing about the year of his death, his birth can be guessed between 19/640 to 23/643-44. | Hammam b. Ghalib b. Sa'sa'a b. 'Iqal<ref>Bilādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 12, p. 65.</ref> was considered among the great personalities of [[Banu Tamim]].<ref>Mustawfī, ‘’Tārīkh guzīda’’, p. 709.</ref> His father, Ghalib was a generous and honorable person and was among the chiefs of his people.<ref>Amīn, ‘’Mustadrakāt aʿyān al-Shīʿa’’, vol. 10, p. 267.</ref> His mother Layla bt. Habis was the sister of [[Aqra' b. Habis al-Tamimi]] who was a [[companion of the Prophet (s)]].<ref>Mustawfī, ‘’Tārīkh guzīda’’, p. 709.</ref> In historical sources, there is no mention of the exact year of his birth and with regards to the disagreement existing about the year of his death, his birth can be guessed between 19/640 to 23/643-44. | ||
His [[kunya]] was Abu Firas and his title was al-Farazdaq. He had five children named Labta, Sabta, Khabta, Rakda, and Zam'a; the latter was a poet. | His [[kunya]] was Abu Firas<ref>Ibn Aʿtham, ‘’al-Futūḥ’’, p. 1049.</ref> and his title was al-Farazdaq. He had five children named Labta, Sabta, Khabta, Rakda, and Zam'a; the latter was a poet.<ref>Bilādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 12, p. 66.</ref> | ||
== Literary Position == | == Literary Position == | ||
Al-Farazdaq was among the greatest poets of his time (Umayyad period). Factors such as being Bedouin, attendance in most eloquent Arab tribes and his cleverness in answering made an appropriate ground for his poetic talent to be flourished. They said that without al-Farazdaq, one-third of Arabic lexicon and a half of hadiths and reports would be lost. Al-Farazdaq's poetic talent mostly matched satire and most of his poems were either in the form of satire or tribal pride. | Al-Farazdaq was among the greatest poets of his time (Umayyad period).<ref>Dhahabī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Islām’’, vol. 7, p. 211.</ref> Factors such as being Bedouin,<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ‘’al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya’’, vol. 9, p. 265.</ref> attendance in most eloquent Arab tribes<ref>Amīn, ‘’Mustadrakāt aʿyān al-Shīʿa’’, vol. 3, p. 291.</ref> and his cleverness in answering<ref>Amīn, ‘’Mustadrakāt aʿyān al-Shīʿa’’, vol. 3, p. 291.</ref> made an appropriate ground for his poetic talent to be flourished. They said that without al-Farazdaq, one-third of Arabic lexicon and a half of hadiths and reports would be lost.<ref>Ibn Aʿtham, ‘’al-Futūḥ’’, p. 1049.</ref> Al-Farazdaq's poetic talent mostly matched satire<ref>Balʿamī, ‘’Tārīkhnāma-yi Ṭabarī’’, vol. 5, p. 1552.</ref> and most of his poems were either in the form of satire or tribal pride.<ref>Bilādhurī, ‘’Ansāb al-ashrāf’’, vol. 12, p. 94.</ref> | ||
== Religion == | == Religion == | ||
In [[Sunni]] sources, al-Farazdaq is considered [[Shi'a]]. Maybe, his meeting with [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], memorizing the [[Qur'an]] because of Imam's (a) advice, composing poems in criticism of [[Ibn Muljam]], going to [[Kufa]] which was the center of Shi'a, his meeting with [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] in his journey to Kufa, composing elegies for him and most important of all, composing poems in praise of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] in the presence of [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]] were among the top reasons for which he has been considered among Shi'a. | In [[Sunni]] sources, al-Farazdaq is considered [[Shi'a]].<ref>Ibn Athīr, ‘’al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh’’, vol. 14, p. 358; Maqdisī, ‘’Aḥsan al-taqāsīm’’, vol. 2, p. 618.</ref> Maybe, his meeting with [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], memorizing the [[Qur'an]] because of Imam's (a) advice, composing poems in criticism of [[Ibn Muljam]],<ref>Irbilī, ‘’Kashf al-ghumma’’, vol. 1, p. 582.</ref> going to [[Kufa]]<ref>Ibn Athīr, ‘’al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh’’, vol. 10, p. 353.</ref> which was the center of Shi'a, his meeting with [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] in his journey to Kufa,<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 7, p. 2969.</ref> composing elegies for him<ref>Farazdaq, Dīwān al-farazdaq, vol. 1, p. 7.</ref> and most important of all, composing poems in praise of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] in the presence of [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]]<ref>Mustawfī, ‘’Tārīkh guzīda’’, p. 709.</ref> were among the top reasons for which he has been considered among Shi'a. | ||
== Relation with the Ahl al-Bayt (a) == | == Relation with the Ahl al-Bayt (a) == | ||
=== Imam 'Ali (a) === | === Imam 'Ali (a) === | ||
Once al-Farazdaq and his father went to Imam 'Ali (a). Imam (a) asked, "who is it?" Ghalib answered, "it is my son who is a poet." Imam (a) said, "Teach him the Qur'an which is better than poetry." It is reported that after this event, he tied his feet until he memorized the Qur'an. | Once al-Farazdaq and his father went to Imam 'Ali (a). Imam (a) asked, "who is it?" Ghalib answered, "it is my son who is a poet." Imam (a) said, "Teach him the Qur'an which is better than poetry."<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ‘’al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya’’, vol. 9, p. 265.</ref> It is reported that after this event, he tied his feet until he memorized the Qur'an.<ref>Amīn, ‘’Mustadrakāt aʿyān al-Shīʿa’’, vol. 6, p. 451.</ref> | ||
=== Imam al-Husayn (a) === | === Imam al-Husayn (a) === | ||
In the events of 60/680, it is mentioned that al-Farazdaq went to [[Mecca]] for [[hajj]] and met Imam al-Husayn (a) in [[al-Sifah]] station. Imam (a) asked him about the state of the people of Kufa and he answered, "I left them while their hearts were with you and their swords were against you (or in another version 'with Umayyads')." Al-Farazdaq himself mentioned this meeting in a poem. | In the events of 60/680, it is mentioned that al-Farazdaq went to [[Mecca]] for [[hajj]] and met Imam al-Husayn (a) in [[al-Sifah]] station. Imam (a) asked him about the state of the people of Kufa and he answered, "I left them while their hearts were with you and their swords were against you (or in another version 'with Umayyads')."<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 7, p. 2969.</ref> Al-Farazdaq himself mentioned this meeting in a poem. | ||
=== Imam al-Sajjad (a) === | === Imam al-Sajjad (a) === | ||
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At that time, al-Farazdaq bravely said, "but I know him." He stood in a high position and composed his famous poem introducing Imam al-Sajjad (a). Hisham ordered to cut al-Farazdaq's allowance from the [[public treasure]] and imprisoned him in 'Asfan between Mecca and [[Medina]]. | At that time, al-Farazdaq bravely said, "but I know him." He stood in a high position and composed his famous poem introducing Imam al-Sajjad (a). Hisham ordered to cut al-Farazdaq's allowance from the [[public treasure]] and imprisoned him in 'Asfan between Mecca and [[Medina]]. | ||
Praising Imam (a) in the suffocating political atmosphere at that time, especially in the presence of Hisham, is not only an evidence for his courage and bravery deserving admiration but also proves his respect for this family. When Imam al-Sajjad (a) was informed about him being imprisoned, sent twelve thousand Dirhams for him. Al-Farazdaq sent back that money and said, "I praised you for the content of [[God]], not for a gift." Imam (a) sent the money again and said, "we [[the Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] do not take back what we bestow someone". | Praising Imam (a) in the suffocating political atmosphere at that time, especially in the presence of Hisham, is not only an evidence for his courage and bravery deserving admiration but also proves his respect for this family. When Imam al-Sajjad (a) was informed about him being imprisoned, sent twelve thousand Dirhams for him. Al-Farazdaq sent back that money and said, "I praised you for the content of [[God]], not for a gift." Imam (a) sent the money again and said, "we [[the Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] do not take back what we bestow someone".<ref>Irbilī, ‘’Kashf al-ghumma’’, vol. 2, p. 80; Mustawfī, ‘’Tārīkh guzīda’’, p. 710.</ref> | ||
== Relation with al-Kumayt == | == Relation with al-Kumayt == | ||
[[Al-Kumayt b. Zayd al-Asadi]] had a tribal bond with al-Farazdaq. When al-Kumayt composed "Qasa'id al-Hashimiyyat" in praise of the Ahl al-Bayt (a), recited them to al-Farazdaq to check their quality. After al-Farazdaq heard his poems, said, "well-done son, you have mentioned so well saying that 'you have given up hoodlums and outlaws and your shot would never be missed and your speech would not be rejected' …spread these poems and confront with the enemy for you are a better poet than everyone in the past and the present." | [[Al-Kumayt b. Zayd al-Asadi]] had a tribal bond with al-Farazdaq. When al-Kumayt composed "Qasa'id al-Hashimiyyat" in praise of the Ahl al-Bayt (a), recited them to al-Farazdaq to check their quality. After al-Farazdaq heard his poems, said, "well-done son, you have mentioned so well saying that 'you have given up hoodlums and outlaws and your shot would never be missed and your speech would not be rejected' …spread these poems and confront with the enemy for you are a better poet than everyone in the past and the present."<ref>Masʿūdī, ‘’Murūj al-dhahab’’, vol. 2, p. 231.</ref> | ||
With all the respect al-Farazdaq had for the Ahl al-Bayt (a), his attention toward [[Umayyad]] caliphs and attending in their system, considering the social role and position of a poet and the influence poems could make at that time, is questionable and thus he cannot be placed in the same rank as al-Kumayt or [[Di'bil]] who were lovers of the Ahl al-Bayt (a). | With all the respect al-Farazdaq had for the Ahl al-Bayt (a), his attention toward [[Umayyad]] caliphs and attending in their system, considering the social role and position of a poet and the influence poems could make at that time, is questionable and thus he cannot be placed in the same rank as al-Kumayt or [[Di'bil]] who were lovers of the Ahl al-Bayt (a). | ||
== Relation with Umayyad Rulers == | == Relation with Umayyad Rulers == | ||
Al-Farazdaq attended the courts of Umayyad caliphs including Walid, Sulayman and others and composed poems in approval of their position. Those poems show al-Farazdaq's view about [[caliphate]] and at least draw him out of the realm of ideological [[Shi'a]]. However, he cannot be considered a mere court poet. He also composed satires against the manner of some Arab rulers who behaved opposite to the principles of [[Islam]]. His satires about [[Ziyad b. Abih]] and [[Mu'awiya]] are examples of that. | Al-Farazdaq attended the courts of Umayyad caliphs including Walid,<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 8, p. 96.</ref> Sulayman<ref>Dhahabī, ‘’Tārīkh al-Islām’’, vol. 7, p. 212.</ref> and others and composed poems in approval of their position. Those poems show al-Farazdaq's view about [[caliphate]] and at least draw him out of the realm of ideological [[Shi'a]]. | ||
However, he cannot be considered a mere court poet. He also composed satires against the manner of some Arab rulers who behaved opposite to the principles of [[Islam]]. His satires about [[Ziyad b. Abih]]<ref>Ibn Athīr, ‘’al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh’’, vol. 11, p. 37; Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 7, p. 2853.</ref> and [[Mu'awiya]]<ref>Ibn Hishām, ‘’al-Sīra al-nabawīyya’’, vol. 2, p. 350.</ref> are examples of that. | |||
== Transmition of Hadiths == | == Transmition of Hadiths == | ||
Al-Farazdaq transmitted [[hadith]]s from [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], [[Abu Hurayra]], [[Abu Sa'id al-Khudri]], 'Arfaja b. As'ad, Zurara b. Karb, and [[Tirimmah b. 'Adi]], the poet and Khalid al-Hadhdha', Marwan al-Asghar, al-Hajjaj b. al-Hajjaj and others transmitted hadiths from him. | Al-Farazdaq transmitted [[hadith]]s from [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], [[Abu Hurayra]], [[Abu Sa'id al-Khudri]], 'Arfaja b. As'ad, Zurara b. Karb, and [[Tirimmah b. 'Adi]], the poet and Khalid al-Hadhdha', Marwan al-Asghar, al-Hajjaj b. al-Hajjaj and others transmitted hadiths from him.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ‘’al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya’’, vol. 9, p. 265.</ref> | ||
== Demise == | == Demise == | ||
According to the famous report, al-Farazdaq passed away in 110/728-29, at the age of 91 in [[Basra]]. | According to the famous report, al-Farazdaq passed away in 110/728-29,<ref>Ibn Athīr, ‘’al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh’’, vol. 14, p. 54.</ref> at the age of 91 in [[Basra]].<ref>Tihranī, ''al-Dharīʿa'', vol. 1, p. 344.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | |||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
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