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Al-Farazdaq: Difference between revisions
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| Religious Affiliation = | | Religious Affiliation = | ||
| Lineage = [[Banu Tamim]] | | Lineage = [[Banu Tamim]] | ||
| Wellknown Relatives = | | Wellknown Relatives = [[Aqra' b. Habis al-Tamimi]] | ||
| Birth = Between 19/640 to 23/643-44 | | Birth = Between 19/640 to 23/643-44 | ||
| Place of Birth = | | Place of Birth = | ||
| Places of Residence = <!--if there is more than one place of residence--> | | Places of Residence = <!--if there is more than one place of residence--> | ||
| Place of Residence = | | Place of Residence = | ||
| Death = 110/728- | | Death = 110/728-29 | ||
| Cause of Death = | | Cause of Death = | ||
| Martyrdom = <!--in case of martyrdom--> | | Martyrdom = <!--in case of martyrdom--> | ||
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| Activities = | | Activities = | ||
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'''Hammām b. Ghālib''' (Arabic: {{ia|همّام بن غالب}}) known as '''al-Farazdaq''' (Arabic: {{ia|الفرزدق}}) was among famous Arab poets in the first and second centuries | '''Hammām b. Ghālib''' (Arabic: {{ia|همّام بن غالب}}) (d. 110/728-29) known as '''al-Farazdaq''' (Arabic: {{ia|الفرزدق}}) was among famous Arab poets in the first/seventh and second/eighth centuries. The ode he composed spontaneously in front of [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]] in praise of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] is famous. | ||
Al-Farazdaq respected the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], but he also composed poems in praise of [[Umayyad]] caliphs and thus he cannot be placed in the same rank as [[Kumayt]] and [[Di'bil]] who greatly loved the Ahl al-Bayt (a). | Al-Farazdaq respected the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], but he also composed poems in praise of [[Umayyad]] caliphs and thus he cannot be placed in the same rank as [[al-Kumayt]] and [[Di'bil]] who greatly loved the Ahl al-Bayt (a). | ||
== Lineage, Title, and Kunya == | == Lineage, Title, and Kunya == | ||
Hammam b. Ghalib b. Sa'sa'a b. 'Iqal<ref>Bilādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 12, p. 65.</ref> was considered among the great personalities of [[Banu Tamim]].<ref>Mustawfī, ''Tārīkh guzīda'', p. 709.</ref> His father, Ghalib was a generous and honorable person and was among the chiefs of his people.<ref>Amīn, ''Mustadrakāt aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol. 10, p. 267.</ref> His mother Layla bt. Habis was the sister of [[Aqra' b. Habis al-Tamimi]] who was a [[companion of the Prophet (s)]].<ref>Mustawfī, ''Tārīkh guzīda'', p. 709.</ref> In historical sources, there is no mention of the exact year of his birth and with regards to the disagreement existing about the year of his death, his birth can be guessed between 19/640 to 23/643-44. | Hammam b. Ghalib b. Sa'sa'a b. 'Iqal<ref>Bilādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 12, p. 65.</ref> was considered among the great personalities of [[Banu Tamim]].<ref>Mustawfī, ''Tārīkh guzīda'', p. 709.</ref> His father, Ghalib was a generous and honorable person and was among the chiefs of his people.<ref>Amīn, ''Mustadrakāt aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol. 10, p. 267.</ref> His mother Layla bt. Habis was the sister of [[Aqra' b. Habis al-Tamimi]] who was a [[companion of the Prophet (s)]].<ref>Mustawfī, ''Tārīkh guzīda'', p. 709.</ref> In historical sources, there is no mention of the exact year of his birth and with regards to the disagreement existing about the year of his death, his birth can be guessed between 19/640 to 23/643-44. | ||
His [[kunya]] was Abu Firas<ref>Ibn Aʿtham, ''al-Futūḥ'', p. 1049.</ref> and his title was al-Farazdaq. He had five children named Labta, Sabta, Khabta, Rakda, and Zam'a; the latter was a poet.<ref>Bilādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 12, p. 66.</ref> | His teknonym ([[kunya]]) was Abu Firas<ref>Ibn Aʿtham, ''al-Futūḥ'', p. 1049.</ref> and his title was al-Farazdaq. He had five children named Labta, Sabta, Khabta, Rakda, and Zam'a; the latter was a poet.<ref>Bilādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 12, p. 66.</ref> | ||
== Literary Position == | == Literary Position == | ||
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=== Imam al-Sajjad (a) === | === Imam al-Sajjad (a) === | ||
During the rule of [[al-Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik]], his crown prince and his brother Hisham b. | During the rule of [[al-Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik]], his crown prince and his brother Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik went to Mecca for hajj. During [[tawaf]] (circumambulation around the Ka'ba), he went toward the [[Black Stone]] (al-Hajar al-Aswad) to touch it, but he could not approach it because of the crowd. Thus inevitably, he returned. They put up a seat for him in a high place and he began watching the crowd from there. Meanwhile, [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] arrived and after tawaf went to the Black Stone. With all the congestion existed, the crowd opened the way for Imam (a) so that Imam (a) could approach the Black Stone. Companions of Hisham became surprised. One of them asked him, "who is he?" Although Hisham knew Imam (a), answered, "I do not know him." | ||
At that time, al-Farazdaq bravely said, "but I know him." He stood in a high position and composed his famous poem introducing Imam al-Sajjad (a). Hisham ordered to cut al-Farazdaq's allowance from the [[public treasure]] and imprisoned him in 'Asfan between Mecca and [[Medina]]. | At that time, al-Farazdaq bravely said, "but I know him." He stood in a high position and composed his famous poem introducing Imam al-Sajjad (a). Hisham ordered to cut al-Farazdaq's allowance from the [[public treasure]] and imprisoned him in 'Asfan between Mecca and [[Medina]]. | ||
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== Relation with Umayyad Rulers == | == Relation with Umayyad Rulers == | ||
Al-Farazdaq attended the courts of Umayyad caliphs including Walid,<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 8, p. 96.</ref> Sulayman<ref>Dhahabī, ''Tārīkh al-Islām'', vol. 7, p. 212.</ref> and others and composed poems in approval of their position. Those poems show al-Farazdaq's view about [[caliphate]] and at least draw him out of the realm of ideological [[Shi'a]]. | Al-Farazdaq attended the courts of Umayyad caliphs including [[Al-Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik|al-Walid]],<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 8, p. 96.</ref> [[Sulayman b. 'Abd al-Malik|Sulayman]]<ref>Dhahabī, ''Tārīkh al-Islām'', vol. 7, p. 212.</ref> and others and composed poems in approval of their position. Those poems show al-Farazdaq's view about [[caliphate]] and at least draw him out of the realm of ideological [[Shi'a]]. | ||
However, he cannot be considered a mere court poet. He also composed satires against the manner of some Arab rulers who behaved opposite to the principles of [[Islam]]. His satires about [[Ziyad b. Abih]]<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 11, p. 37; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 7, p. 2853.</ref> and [[Mu'awiya]]<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 350.</ref> are examples of that. | However, he cannot be considered a mere court poet. He also composed satires against the manner of some Arab rulers who behaved opposite to the principles of [[Islam]]. His satires about [[Ziyad b. Abih]]<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 11, p. 37; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 7, p. 2853.</ref> and [[Mu'awiya]]<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 350.</ref> are examples of that. | ||
== Transmition of Hadiths == | == Transmition of Hadiths == | ||
Al-Farazdaq transmitted [[hadith]]s from [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], [[Abu Hurayra]], [[Abu Sa'id al-Khudri]], 'Arfaja b. As'ad, Zurara b. Karb, and [[Tirimmah b. 'Adi]] | Al-Farazdaq transmitted [[hadith]]s from [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], [[Abu Hurayra]], [[Abu Sa'id al-Khudri]], 'Arfaja b. As'ad, Zurara b. Karb, and [[Tirimmah b. 'Adi]]; and Khalid al-Hadhdha', Marwan al-Asghar, al-Hajjaj b. al-Hajjaj and others transmitted hadiths from him.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 9, p. 265.</ref> | ||
== Demise == | == Demise == | ||
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