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Adhan: Difference between revisions
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==Related Rulings== | ==Related Rulings== | ||
* It is highly recommended to recite Adhan before each of the five [[daily prayers]]. | * It is highly recommended to recite Adhan before each of the five [[daily prayers]].<ref>al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli. ''Shara'i' al-Islam''. vol. 1. p. 74</ref> | ||
* The recommendation of reciting Adhan is particularly stressed for [[Maghrib]] (evening) and [[Fajr]] (dawn) prayers. | * The recommendation of reciting Adhan is particularly stressed for [[Maghrib]] (evening) and [[Fajr]] (dawn) prayers. | ||
* The emphasis on reciting Adhan is so great that in some [[Shi'a]] and [[Sunni]] schools of thought, it is considered to be [[Wajib al-Kifayi]] (a collective duty). | * The emphasis on reciting Adhan is so great that in some [[Shi'a]] and [[Sunni]] schools of thought, it is considered to be [[Wajib al-Kifayi]] (a collective duty).<ref> al-Shaykh al-Tusi. al-Khilaf. vol. 1. p. 93; Ibn Humam. ''Fath al-qadir''. vol. 1. p. 209; Mahali, Jalal al-din. ''Sharh minhaj al-talibin''. vol. 1. p. 125</ref> | ||
* Adhan is not recited before any recommended or obligatory prayer other than the five [[daily prayers]]. For the [[prayer of 'id]], the [[prayer of Ayat]] and the [[prayer of Istisqa]], the phrase, ''Assalatu jami'atan'' (The prayer in congregation) is recited. | * Adhan is not recited before any recommended or obligatory prayer other than the five [[daily prayers]]. For the [[prayer of 'id]], the [[prayer of Ayat]] and the [[prayer of Istisqa]], the phrase, ''Assalatu jami'atan'' (The prayer in congregation) is recited.<ref>Yazdi, Muhammad Kazim. ''al-'Urwat al-wuthqa''. vol. 1. p. 601</ref> | ||
* In reciting Adhan, [[Tartib]] (sequence of phrases) and [[Muwalat]] (continuity between them) must be observed. That is, it should be recited in its original order and with no unusual interruption or pause. | * In reciting Adhan, [[Tartib]] (sequence of phrases) and [[Muwalat]] (continuity between them) must be observed. That is, it should be recited in its original order and with no unusual interruption or pause.<ref>al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli. ''Shara'i' al-Islam''. vol. 1. p. 75</ref> | ||
* According to the [[Hanbali]] and [[Shafi'i]] schools, reciting Adhan does not require a particular intention ([[niyya]]); however, according to Shi'a and other Sunni schools, such an intention is obligatory. | * According to the [[Hanbali]] and [[Shafi'i]] schools, reciting Adhan does not require a particular intention ([[niyya]]); however, according to Shi'a and other Sunni schools, such an intention is obligatory.<ref> Jaziri, 'Abd l-Rahman. ''al-Fiqh 'ala al-madhahib al-arba'avol''. 1. p. 314; Shahid al-Thani. ''al-Rawda al-Bahiya'' vol. 1. p. 239</ref> | ||
* According to the [[Imamiyya]] and [[Hanbali]] schools, Adhan must be recited in Arabic; however, in other Sunni schools, it is permissible for non-Arabs to recite Adhan in their own language. | * According to the [[Imamiyya]] and [[Hanbali]] schools, Adhan must be recited in Arabic; however, in other Sunni schools, it is permissible for non-Arabs to recite Adhan in their own language.<ref> Jaziri, 'Abd l-Rahman. ''al-Fiqh 'ala al-madhahib al-arba'avol''. 1. p. 314; Shahid al-Thani. ''al-Rawda al-Bahiya'' vol. 1. p. 239</ref> | ||
* The [[Mu'azzin]] (reciter of Adhan) must be a sane mature Muslim male. It is also preferable that he is just, has a loud voice and is aware of exact prayer times. It is recommended that the [[Mu'azzin]] is in the state of [[Wudu]] or [[Ghusl]] and that he stands in an elevated place while reciting Adhan. | * The [[Mu'azzin]] (reciter of Adhan) must be a sane mature Muslim male. It is also preferable that he is just, has a loud voice and is aware of exact prayer times. It is recommended that the [[Mu'azzin]] is in the state of [[Wudu]] or [[Ghusl]] and that he stands in an elevated place while reciting Adhan.<ref>al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli. ''Shara'i' al-Islam''. vol. 1. p. 74; Ibn Hubayra. ''al-Ifsah an ma'ani al-sihah''. vol. 1. p. 82</ref> | ||
* Some scholars have explicitly mentioned that when heard only by a female audience, it is permissible for a female to recite Adhan. | * Some scholars have explicitly mentioned that when heard only by a female audience, it is permissible for a female to recite Adhan.<ref>al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli. ''Shara'i' al-Islam''. vol. 1. p. 74; Ibn Hubayra. ''al-Ifsah an ma'ani al-sihah''. vol. 1. p. 80</ref> | ||
* The [[Maliki]] school and some Shafi'i jurists hold that a Mu'adhin can be paid for his recitation of Adhan; on the contrary, Imamiyyah, [[Hanifiyya]], Hanabila and some other Shafi'i jurists believe it is not permissible for a Mu'adhin to receive money for the recitation of Adhan, they argue for their opinion by citing a broader ruling that states "no one is allowed to take his religious duties (in this case, Adhan recitation) as a source for earning money". however, by distinguishing between the practice (which is a religious obligation and should not be paid for) and the position (which shouldn't remain vacant) these scholars believe such an individual must be provided with some sort of salary from the [[Bayt al-Mal]] (treasury of Muslim community). this changes the equation of practice-payment to that of position-payment which has different jurisprudential dynamics and consequences. | * The [[Maliki]] school and some Shafi'i jurists hold that a Mu'adhin can be paid for his recitation of Adhan; on the contrary, Imamiyyah, [[Hanifiyya]], Hanabila and some other Shafi'i jurists believe it is not permissible for a Mu'adhin to receive money for the recitation of Adhan, they argue for their opinion by citing a broader ruling that states "no one is allowed to take his religious duties (in this case, Adhan recitation) as a source for earning money". however, by distinguishing between the practice (which is a religious obligation and should not be paid for) and the position (which shouldn't remain vacant) these scholars believe such an individual must be provided with some sort of salary from the [[Bayt al-Mal]] (treasury of Muslim community). this changes the equation of practice-payment to that of position-payment which has different jurisprudential dynamics and consequences.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Tusi. ''al-Khilaf''. vol. 1. p. 96; Ibn Hubayra. ''al-Ifsah an ma'ani al-sihah''. vol. 1. p. 83</ref> | ||
* According to the [[Maliki]] and [[Shafi'i]] schools, there should be Tarji' in Shahadatayn (the second and third phrases). That is, each phrase should be recited once in a whispering fashion and then repeated again loudly. | * According to the [[Maliki]] and [[Shafi'i]] schools, there should be Tarji' in Shahadatayn (the second and third phrases). That is, each phrase should be recited once in a whispering fashion and then repeated again loudly. | ||
* It is not permissible to recite Adhan prior to the time of Fajr (dawn) in order to awaken people for its performance. If recited early, the Adhan must be repeated at the proper time of Fajr. | * It is not permissible to recite Adhan prior to the time of Fajr (dawn) in order to awaken people for its performance. If recited early, the Adhan must be repeated at the proper time of Fajr.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Mufid.''al-Muqni'a''. p. 98</ref> | ||
==Other Uses for Adhan== | ==Other Uses for Adhan== | ||