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'''Adhān''' (أذان) is a set of phrases recited to announce the time of prayer. Adhan includes fundamental Islamic teachings such as [[Monotheism]], the [[Prophethood]] of [[Muhammad (s)]], and an invitation to salvation by means of prayer. | '''Adhān''' (Arabic:{{iarabic|أذان}}) is a set of phrases recited to announce the time of [[prayer]]. Adhan includes fundamental Islamic teachings such as [[Monotheism]], the [[Prophethood]] of [[Muhammad (s)]], and an invitation to salvation by means of prayer. | ||
==Terminology== | ==Terminology== | ||
Lexically, 'Adhan' means announcement or declaration. The word 'Adhan' has also been used in the [[Qur'an]] in this way.<ref>Q, 9: 3.</ref> Iqama literally means to keep up or to make upright. Recited after Adhen which is the first declaration, Iqama is the second and last call which indicates the actual start of the prayer. Adhan is the call for gathering and Iqama is for standing up and preparing for prayer. | Lexically, 'Adhan' means announcement or declaration. The word 'Adhan' has also been used in the holy [[Qur'an]] in this way.<ref>Q, 9: 3.</ref> Iqama literally means to keep up or to make upright. Recited after Adhen which is the first declaration, Iqama is the second and last call which indicates the actual start of the prayer. Adhan is the call for gathering and Iqama is for standing up and preparing for prayer. | ||
Combined together, Adhan and [[Iqama]] are sometimes referred to as ''Adhanayn'' (The two Adhans).<ref>See: Abu 'Ubayd, Qasim. ''Gharib al-Hadith''. vol. 4. p. 320</ref> | Combined together, Adhan and [[Iqama]] are sometimes referred to as ''Adhanayn'' (The two Adhans).<ref>See: Abu 'Ubayd, Qasim. ''Gharib al-Hadith''. vol. 4. p. 320</ref> | ||
==Origin== | ==Origin== | ||
=== According to Imamiyya (Shi'a) === | === According to Imamiyya (Shi'a) === | ||
The practice of reciting Adhan began in the first two years after [[Hijra]], following the [[redirection of Qibla]] from [[Masjid al-'Aqsa]] to the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Abu Dawud, ''Sunan Abu Dawud''. vol. 1. 348</ref> According to [[Imamiyya]] sources, [[ | The practice of reciting Adhan began in the first two years after [[Hijra]], following the [[redirection of Qibla]] from [[Masjid al-'Aqsa]] to the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Abu Dawud, ''Sunan Abu Dawud''. vol. 1. 348</ref> According to [[Imamiyya]] sources, the [[holy Prophet (s)]] received Adhan by means of divine [[revelation]]. Archangel [[Jibra'il]] recited it for the first time during the night of [[Mi'raj]]. When he recited it once again, the [[holy Prophet (s)]] ordered [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] to teach it to [[Bilal b. Rabah]].<ref>al-Kulayni, Muhmmad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi''. vol. 3. p. 392; al-Shaykh al-Saduq. ''Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. vol. 1. p. 183; al-Shaykh al-Tusi. ''al-Tahdhib''. vol. 2. p. 277</ref> This has also been reported in [[Isma'iliyya]]<ref>Qadi Nu'man.vol. 1. p. 143</ref> sources with slight differences. | ||
=== According to Ahl al-Sunna === | === According to Ahl al-Sunna === | ||
In some [[Sunni]] accounts, it is claimed that Adhan is man-made and not based on divine revelation. According to these reports, the Muslims first had various ways to call for prayer - and it was [['Umar]] who suggested that someone should be designated to announce the prayer time. | In some [[Sunni]] accounts, it is claimed that Adhan is man-made and not based on divine revelation. According to these reports, the Muslims first had various ways to call for prayer - and it was [['Umar]] who suggested that someone should be designated to announce the prayer time. The holy Prophet (s) then appointed [[Bilal b. Rabah|Bilal]] for this task.<ref>al-Bukhari, Muhammad. ''Sahih al-Bukhari''. vol. 1. p. 150; al-Muslim al-Neysaburi. ''Sahih al-muslim''. vol. 1. p. 285</ref> | ||
According to other Sunni narrations, the Prophet (s) suggested that the Muslims, like the [[People of the Book]], should use a horn or a bell to call for prayer. Then, [['Abd Allah b. Zayd b. 'Abd Rabbih]] had a dream in which the Adhan was revealed to him. The Prophet (s) recognized it as a true dream and ordered him to teach the phrases to Bilal.<ref>Ibn Maja. ''Sunan''. vol. 1. p. 232-233; Abu Dawud, ''Sunan Abu Dawud''. vol. 1. 336-338; Tirmidhi, Muhammad. ''Sunan al-Tirmidhi''. vol. 1. p. 359; Nasa'i, Ahmad. ''Sunan al-Nasa'i''. vol. 3. p. 2-3</ref> [[Shafi'i]], however, believe Adhan has too high a position to be revealed in the dream of an individual like 'Abd Allah b. Zayd. | According to other Sunni narrations, the holy Prophet (s) suggested that the Muslims, like the [[People of the Book]], should use a horn or a bell to call for prayer. Then, [['Abd Allah b. Zayd b. 'Abd Rabbih]] had a dream in which the Adhan was revealed to him. The holy Prophet (s) recognized it as a true dream and ordered him to teach the phrases to Bilal.<ref>Ibn Maja. ''Sunan''. vol. 1. p. 232-233; Abu Dawud, ''Sunan Abu Dawud''. vol. 1. 336-338; Tirmidhi, Muhammad. ''Sunan al-Tirmidhi''. vol. 1. p. 359; Nasa'i, Ahmad. ''Sunan al-Nasa'i''. vol. 3. p. 2-3</ref> [[Shafi'i]], however, believe Adhan has too high a position to be revealed in the dream of an individual like 'Abd Allah b. Zayd. | ||
==Wording and Phrasing== | ==Wording and Phrasing== | ||
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Although the phrase of wilaya i.e. ''Ashhadu anna 'Aliayyan waliullah'', (I bear witness that 'Ali is the wali of Allah) has been recited in the Adhan of some of the Imamiyya since early times,<ref>al-Shaykh al-Saduq. 'Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. vol. 1. p. 18-189; al-Shaykh al-Tusi. ''al-Nihaya''. p. 80</ref> it is not presented in Imamiyya sources as being a part of Adhan. It is recited after the third phrase two times. | Although the phrase of wilaya i.e. ''Ashhadu anna 'Aliayyan waliullah'', (I bear witness that 'Ali is the wali of Allah) has been recited in the Adhan of some of the Imamiyya since early times,<ref>al-Shaykh al-Saduq. 'Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. vol. 1. p. 18-189; al-Shaykh al-Tusi. ''al-Nihaya''. p. 80</ref> it is not presented in Imamiyya sources as being a part of Adhan. It is recited after the third phrase two times. | ||
The sixth phrase i.e. ''Hayya 'ala khayril'amal'' (Hurry toward the best of deeds) belongs particularly to the [[Shi'a]], and is a distinctive characteristic of this sect.<ref> Sayyid Murtada. ''al-Intisar''. p. 38-39</ref> [[Ibn Nubah]], the [[ | The sixth phrase i.e. ''Hayya 'ala khayril'amal'' (Hurry toward the best of deeds) belongs particularly to the [[Shi'a]], and is a distinctive characteristic of this sect.<ref> Sayyid Murtada. ''al-Intisar''. p. 38-39</ref> [[Ibn Nubah]], the [[mu'adhdhin]] of Imam 'Ali (a) used to recite this phrase in Adhan without objection from Imam Ali (a).<ref>al-Shaykh al-Saduq. 'Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. vol. 1. p. 18-189</ref> According to Shi'a reports, this phrase had been a part of Adhan until 'Umar omitted it due to his belief that it would weaken people's motivation for [[Jihad]].<ref>Qadi Nu'man. vol. 1. p. 143; Abu 'Abd allah 'Alawi. ''al-Adhan bi Hayya 'ala khayril'amal''. p. 16</ref> | ||
===According to Ahl al-Sunna=== | ===According to Ahl al-Sunna=== | ||
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* [[Malik]] believes the first phrase must be recited only twice, not four times.<ref> Ibn Qasim, 'Abd al-Rahman. ''al-Mudawwanat al-kubra''. vol. 1. p. 312</ref> | * [[Malik]] believes the first phrase must be recited only twice, not four times.<ref> Ibn Qasim, 'Abd al-Rahman. ''al-Mudawwanat al-kubra''. vol. 1. p. 312</ref> | ||
* The sixth phrase i.e. ''Hayya 'ala khayril'amal'', is not recited. | * The sixth phrase i.e. ''Hayya 'ala khayril'amal'', is not recited. | ||
* [[Tathwib]], a term referring to the addition of the phrase: ''Assalatu khayrun minannawm'' (Prayer is better than sleep) is recited after the fifth phrase. The use of this phrase has been narrated by [[Abu Mahzura]]; however, it is disputed whether it was taught to him by the Prophet (s) or was his own addition.<ref>Daraqutni, 'Ali .''Sunan'' .vol. 1. p. 233-235</ref> Tathwib was never accepted by the Imamiyya.<ref>al-Kulayni, Muhmmad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi''. vol. 3. p. 303; Sayyid Murtada. ''al-Intisar''. p. 39</ref> | * [[Tathwib]], a term referring to the addition of the phrase: ''Assalatu khayrun minannawm'' (Prayer is better than sleep) is recited after the fifth phrase. The use of this phrase has been narrated by [[Abu Mahzura]]; however, it is disputed whether it was taught to him by the holy Prophet (s) or was his own addition.<ref>Daraqutni, 'Ali .''Sunan'' .vol. 1. p. 233-235</ref> Tathwib was never accepted by the Imamiyya.<ref>al-Kulayni, Muhmmad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi''. vol. 3. p. 303; Sayyid Murtada. ''al-Intisar''. p. 39</ref> | ||
* According to all four Sunni schools, the final phrase is recited only once, not twice.<ref>Jaziri, 'Abd l-Rahman. ''al-Fiqh 'ala al-madhahib al-arba'a''. vol. 2 p. 312</ref> | * According to all four Sunni schools, the final phrase is recited only once, not twice.<ref>Jaziri, 'Abd l-Rahman. ''al-Fiqh 'ala al-madhahib al-arba'a''. vol. 2 p. 312</ref> | ||
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* According to the [[Imamiyya]] and [[Hanbali]] schools, Adhan must be recited in Arabic; however, in other Sunni schools, it is permissible for non-Arabs to recite Adhan in their own language.<ref> Jaziri, 'Abd l-Rahman. ''al-Fiqh 'ala al-madhahib al-arba'avol''. 1. p. 314; Shahid al-Thani. ''al-Rawda al-Bahiya'' vol. 1. p. 239</ref> | * According to the [[Imamiyya]] and [[Hanbali]] schools, Adhan must be recited in Arabic; however, in other Sunni schools, it is permissible for non-Arabs to recite Adhan in their own language.<ref> Jaziri, 'Abd l-Rahman. ''al-Fiqh 'ala al-madhahib al-arba'avol''. 1. p. 314; Shahid al-Thani. ''al-Rawda al-Bahiya'' vol. 1. p. 239</ref> | ||
* The [[ | * The [[mu'adhdhin]] (reciter of Adhan) must be a sane mature Muslim male. It is also preferable that he is just, has a loud voice and is aware of exact prayer times. It is recommended that the mu'adhdhin is in the state of [[Wudu]] or [[Ghusl]] and that he stands in an elevated place while reciting Adhan.<ref>al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli. ''Shara'i' al-Islam''. vol. 1. p. 74; Ibn Hubayra. ''al-Ifsah an ma'ani al-sihah''. vol. 1. p. 82</ref> | ||
* Some scholars have explicitly mentioned that when heard only by a female audience, it is permissible for a female to recite Adhan.<ref>al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli. ''Shara'i' al-Islam''. vol. 1. p. 74; Ibn Hubayra. ''al-Ifsah an ma'ani al-sihah''. vol. 1. p. 80</ref> | * Some scholars have explicitly mentioned that when heard only by a female audience, it is permissible for a female to recite Adhan.<ref>al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli. ''Shara'i' al-Islam''. vol. 1. p. 74; Ibn Hubayra. ''al-Ifsah an ma'ani al-sihah''. vol. 1. p. 80</ref> | ||
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[[tr:Ezan]] | [[tr:Ezan]] | ||
[[id:Azan]] | [[id:Azan]] | ||
[[Category:Fiqh terminology]] | |||
[[Category:Fiqh terminology]] | [[Category:Fiqh terminology]] | ||