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==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
Lot (a) was the son of Haran, the grandson of [[Terah]], and the son of Abraham's (a) brother. He was also related to Abraham (a) through his sister, Sarah, who was Abraham's (a) wife. Lot (a) and Sarah believed in Abraham (a) when he called people to [[monotheism]] in Babylon. His belief in [[[God]] is mentioned in [[Qur'an 29]] (Sura al-Ankabut)<ref> | Lot (a) was the son of Haran, the grandson of [[Terah]], and the son of Abraham's (a) brother.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ‘’al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya’’, vol. 1, p. 176.</ref> He was also related to Abraham (a) through his sister, Sarah, who was Abraham's (a) wife. Lot (a) and Sarah believed in Abraham (a) when he called people to [[monotheism]] in Babylon.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ‘’al-Kāmil’’, vol. 2, p. 19.</ref> His belief in [[[God]] is mentioned in [[Qur'an 29]] (Sura al-Ankabut)<ref>Qur'an, 29:26.</ref>. When [[God]] commanded Abraham (a) to go to the land of [[Canaan]] in [[Palestine]], he accompanied him there.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ‘’al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya’’, vol. 1, p. 140.</ref> Lot (a) went to different cities in Palestine to call people to monotheism. He is characterized in the Qur'an as having great virtues. He is said to be superior to others,<ref>Qur’an, 6:86.</ref> and to have [[wisdom]] and knowledge.<ref>Qur’an, 21:74.</ref> In some sources, Lot (a) is characterized as generous and hospitable. | ||
===Family and the Kin=== | ===Family and the Kin=== | ||
Lot (a) had two daughters named "Rutba" and "Ra'ura", who left the city together with their father before the punishment was sent down, and then they joined Abraham (a). One of Lot's daughters was the mother of the [[Prophet Jacob (a)]]. The [[Prophet Shu'ayb (a)]] is also said to be Lot's (a) son in law. On another account, Abraham's (a) son, Midian, was also Lot's son in law. Lot's wife is characterized in the Qur'an as a negative character. She supported sins committed by People of Lut. For instance, when divine angels went to Lot's house in the form of young men in order to give him the news of the divine punishment, Lot's wife informed people that there were two young men in Lot's house. People gathered around Lot's house and asked him to let them rape his guests. According to Qur'anic verses and historical accounts, Lot's wife was punished just like Lot's people.<ref> | Lot (a) had two daughters named "Rutba" and "Ra'ura", who left the city together with their father before the punishment was sent down, and then they joined Abraham (a).<ref>Maqdisī, ‘’al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh’’, vol. 1, p. 445.</ref> One of Lot's daughters was the mother of the [[Prophet Jacob (a)]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 1, p. 242.</ref> The [[Prophet Shu'ayb (a)]] is also said to be Lot's (a) son in law.<ref>Maqdisī, ‘’al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh’’, vol. 1, p. 445.</ref> On another account, Abraham's (a) son, Midian, was also Lot's son in law.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ‘’Dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa l-khabar’’, vol. 2, p. 42-49.</ref> Lot's wife is characterized in the Qur'an as a negative character. She supported sins committed by People of Lut. For instance, when divine angels went to Lot's house in the form of young men in order to give him the news of the divine punishment, Lot's wife informed people that there were two young men in Lot's house.<ref>Maqdisī, ‘’al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh’’, vol. 1, p. 444.</ref> People gathered around Lot's house and asked him to let them rape his guests.<ref>Maqdisī, ‘’al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh’’, vol. 1, p. 445.</ref> According to Qur'anic verses and historical accounts, Lot's wife was punished just like Lot's people.<ref>Qur'an, 29:32; 15:60</ref> | ||
Lot (a) is mentioned twenty seven times in the Qur'an. He is buried in Bani Na'im in al-Khalil province of Palestine. | Lot (a) is mentioned twenty seven times in the Qur'an. He is buried in Bani Na'im in al-Khalil province of Palestine. | ||
===Mission=== | ===Mission=== | ||
Lot (a) was assigned the position of [[prophethood]] by God. His prophethood is explicitly mentioned in the Qur'an.<ref> | Lot (a) was assigned the position of [[prophethood]] by God. His prophethood is explicitly mentioned in the Qur'an.<ref>Qur'an, 37:133.</ref> According to historical cities, he was sent to the land of "Mu'tafikat" (that is, overturned cities) in Palestine,<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ‘’Dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa l-khabar’’, vol. 1, p. 33.</ref> including Sodom, Gomorrah, Zoar, and Zeboim.<ref>Maqdisī, ‘’al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh’’, vol. 1, p. 444.</ref> These cities are mentioned in the Qur'an as cities destroyed by God's punishment.<ref>Qur’an, 9:70.</ref> Lot (a) called people to Abraham's religion. He lived in the land for over twenty years until the divine punishment.<ref>Masʿūdī, ‘’Murūj al-dhahab’’, vol. 1, p. 38.</ref> | ||
==People of Lut== | ==People of Lut== | ||
{{Main|People of Lut}} | {{Main|People of Lut}} | ||
People of Lut were people who lived in the "overturned cities" in Palestine. They are negatively portrayed in the Qur'an and historical texts.<ref>Qur'an 26:160-175 | People of Lut were people who lived in the "overturned cities" in Palestine. They are negatively portrayed in the Qur'an and historical texts.<ref>Qur'an 26:160-175; Qur'an, 29:28-30</ref> Thus, they committed [[sodomy]],<ref>Qur'an, 29:28</ref> robbery, and harassment of others.<ref>Maqdisī, ‘’al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh’’, vol. 1, p. 444.</ref> Lot (a) called them to quit these sins.<ref>Maqdisī, ‘’al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh’’, vol. 1, p. 444.</ref> When they insisted on their sins, the [[divine punishment]] was sent down.<ref>Maqdisī, ‘’al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh’’, vol. 1, p. 445.</ref> | ||
The [[angel]]s, [[Gabriel]], [[Michael]], and [[Israfil]], were God's agents to execute the [[divine punishment]] of Lot's people. Before the punishment, they were incarnated in the form of young and anonymous men and entered Lot's house. When they revealed their identities to Lot (a), they told him to leave the city together with his two daughters in order to remain immune from the punishment. The angels told him that the punishment was going to be sent down the next morning. The story of the angels in Lot's house and the subsequent events are mentioned in [[Qur'an 11]] | The [[angel]]s, [[Gabriel]], [[Michael]], and [[Israfil]], were God's agents to execute the [[divine punishment]] of Lot's people. Before the punishment, they were incarnated in the form of young and anonymous men and entered Lot's house. When they revealed their identities to Lot (a), they told him to leave the city together with his two daughters in order to remain immune from the punishment. The angels told him that the punishment was going to be sent down the next morning.<ref>Ṭabarī, ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’, vol. 1, p. 227.</ref> The story of the angels in Lot's house and the subsequent events are mentioned in [[Qur'an 11]] and [[Qur'an 15]].<ref>Qur'an, 11:79-83; Qur'an, 15:60-75.</ref> | ||
==In the Torah== | ==In the Torah== | ||
The [[Torah]] recounts the story of the arrival of the angels in Sodom, where Lot (a) lived, the punishment of his people, and his survival together with his two daughters.<ref>Genesis 18:16-23, Genesis 19:1-29</ref> Despite the Islamic belief that [[prophets]] are [[infallible]], in the Torah's version of the story, Lot's daughters intoxicated him and then had sex with him in order for the human species to survive.<ref>Genesis 19:30- | The [[Torah]] recounts the story of the arrival of the angels in Sodom, where Lot (a) lived, the punishment of his people, and his survival together with his two daughters.<ref>Genesis 18:16-23, Genesis 19:1-29</ref> Despite the Islamic belief that [[prophets]] are [[infallible]], in the Torah's version of the story, Lot's daughters intoxicated him and then had sex with him in order for the human species to survive.<ref>Genesis 19:30-38</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{notes}} | {{notes}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{ref}} | |||
* | *Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ‘’Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh’’. Translated to Farsi by Abū l-Qāsim Ḥālat & ʿAbbās Khalīlī. Tehran: Muʾassisa-yi Maṭbūʿātī ʿIlmī, 1371 Sh. | ||
*Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH. | |||
*Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. ‘’Dīwan al-mubtadaʾ wa l-khabar’’. Edited by Khalīl Shaḥāda. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1408 AH. | |||
*Maqdisī, Muṭahhar b. Ṭāhir al-. ‘’Al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh’’. Translated to Farsi by Muḥammad Riḍā Shafīʿī. Tehran: Āgah, 1374 Sh. | |||
*Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ‘’Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-jawhar’’. Translated to Farsi by Pāyanda. Fifth edition. Tehran: Intishārāt-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1374 Sh. | |||
*Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ‘’Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk’’. Fifth edition. Tehran: Asāṭīr, 1375 Sh. | |||
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