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Monasticism: Difference between revisions
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'''Monasticism''' or '''rahbānīyya''' (Arabic: {{ia|رَهْبَانِيَّة}}) is to abandon this world and its pleasures, such as [[marriage]] and eating meat, as well as seclusion away from people and the community, in order to worship | '''Monasticism''' or '''rahbānīyya''' (Arabic: {{ia|رَهْبَانِيَّة}}) is to abandon this world and its pleasures, such as [[marriage]] and eating meat, as well as seclusion away from people and the community, in order to worship in monasteries and convents. In [[Islam]], monasticism is forbidden, unlike [[asceticism]] (zuhd) which is encouraged. The [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] prohibited Muslims from monasticism and called them to [[jihad]], characterizing it as the monasticism of his [[Umma]]. | ||
According to a [[hadith]] from the Prophet (s), [[Christian]]s came to adopt monasticism when they were | According to a [[hadith]] from the Prophet (s), [[Christian]]s came to adopt monasticism when they were repeatedمغ defeated by unjust rulers. According to historical sources, monasticism emerged among Christians in the third century. It is believed by some scholars that Christian monasticism was a source of [[Sufism]] in Islam. | ||
==The Notion== | ==The Notion== | ||
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According to some hadiths, the [[Prophet (s)]] considers monasticism in Christianity to be originated in the fact that Christian believers were repeatedly defeated by unjust people and thus they had to hide in deserts and mountains. According to some Qur'anic [[exegete]]s, the [[Qur'an 5]]:87<ref>O you who have faith! Do not prohibit the good things that Allah has made lawful to you, and do not transgress. Indeed Allah does not like the transgressors.</ref> implies that monasticism is an instance of forbidding divine blessings; hence, it is contrary to Islamic laws and rulings. Moreover, the Qur'an makes it explicit that Christian monasticism was a tradition invented by some people and was never legislated by [[God]].<ref>Then We followed them up with Our apostles and We followed [them] with Jesus son of Mary, and We gave him the Evangel, and We put kindness and mercy into the hearts of those who followed him. But as for monasticism, they innovated it—We had not prescribed it for them—only seeking Allah’s pleasure. Yet they did not observe it with due observance. So We gave to the faithful among them their [due] reward, but many of them are transgressors.</ref> According to some scholars, Christian monasticism emerged in the third century. | According to some hadiths, the [[Prophet (s)]] considers monasticism in Christianity to be originated in the fact that Christian believers were repeatedly defeated by unjust people and thus they had to hide in deserts and mountains. According to some Qur'anic [[exegete]]s, the [[Qur'an 5]]:87<ref>O you who have faith! Do not prohibit the good things that Allah has made lawful to you, and do not transgress. Indeed Allah does not like the transgressors.</ref> implies that monasticism is an instance of forbidding divine blessings; hence, it is contrary to Islamic laws and rulings. Moreover, the Qur'an makes it explicit that Christian monasticism was a tradition invented by some people and was never legislated by [[God]].<ref>Then We followed them up with Our apostles and We followed [them] with Jesus son of Mary, and We gave him the Evangel, and We put kindness and mercy into the hearts of those who followed him. But as for monasticism, they innovated it—We had not prescribed it for them—only seeking Allah’s pleasure. Yet they did not observe it with due observance. So We gave to the faithful among them their [due] reward, but many of them are transgressors.</ref> According to some scholars, Christian monasticism emerged in the third century. | ||
Christians who first adopted monasticism characterized their lifestyle as being in the manner of [[ | Christians who first adopted monasticism characterized their lifestyle as being in the manner of [[Isa (a)]] (Jesus) who never married. They also appeal to part of the [[Bible]] in which Jesus (a) told his followers that "others live like eunuchs for the sake of the kingdom of heaven. The one who can accept this should accept it." | ||
==Forbiddance of Monasticism in Islam== | ==Forbiddance of Monasticism in Islam== | ||
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==Effect of Monasticism on Sufism== | ==Effect of Monasticism on Sufism== | ||
Some Orientalists as well as Muslim scholars are said to believe that Christian monasticism was a source of [[Sufism]] in Islam. According to scholars such as Zaki Mubarak in [[Egypt]], Muslims considered the doctrines of Jesus | Some Orientalists as well as Muslim scholars are said to believe that Christian monasticism was a source of [[Sufism]] in Islam. According to scholars such as Zaki Mubarak in [[Egypt]], Muslims considered the doctrines of Isa (a) (Jesus) as their instructions and guidelines in spiritual practices. They were familiar with the [[Gospel]], and evidence from the Christian scripture can be found in Islamic work such as Ibn Qutayba's '''Uyun al-akhbar'' as well as [[al-Ghazali]]'s ''al-Ihya ulum al-Din''. Also, Christians who enter the church carrying a book of [[supplication]]s are assimilated to Sufis who enter [[mosque]]s carrying books of [[dhikr]]s. | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{notes}} | {{notes}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | |||
*The material for this article is mainly taken from in {{ia|[[:fa:رهبانیت|رهبانیت]]}} Farsi WikiShia. | *The material for this article is mainly taken from in {{ia|[[:fa:رهبانیت|رهبانیت]]}} Farsi WikiShia. | ||
{{end}} | |||
{{Ethics}} | {{Ethics}} | ||
<onlyinclude>{{Editorial Box | <onlyinclude>{{Editorial Box | ||