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Zuhd: Difference between revisions
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{{Ethics-Vertical}} | {{Ethics-Vertical}} | ||
'''Zuhd''' or '''Asceticism''' (Arabic: {{ia|زهد}}) means lack of desire toward the world and is considered among moral virtues. Zuhd is a spiritual state which brings about attention toward the [[hereafter]], not relying on anyone other than [[God]] and turning to Him. The [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] did not consider caring about the world and providing the living sustenance in conflict with zuhd; rather, in their view, attachment to the world is in conflict with zuhd. They considered zuhd an attribute of leaders and the cause of people's happiness. In Shi'a [[hadiths]], some fruits are mentioned for zuhd such as illuminating the heart, speaking words of wisdom and discerning the defects of this world. | '''Zuhd''' or '''Asceticism''' (Arabic: {{ia|زهد}}) means lack of desire toward the world and is considered among [[moral virtues]]. Zuhd is a spiritual state which brings about attention toward the [[hereafter]], not relying on anyone other than [[God]] and turning to Him. | ||
The [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] did not consider caring about the world and providing the living [[sustenance]] in conflict with zuhd; rather, in their view, attachment to the world is in conflict with zuhd. They considered zuhd an attribute of leaders and the cause of people's happiness. In [[Shi'a]] [[hadiths]], some fruits are mentioned for zuhd such as illuminating the heart, speaking words of wisdom and discerning the defects of this world. | |||
== Meaning == | == Meaning == | ||
Zuhd is giving up the world, turning to the hereafter, giving up hope on anyone other than God and turning to Him. Its opposite is turning to and being [[greedy]] about this world. [[Imam Ali (a)]] referred to verse twenty three of the [[Qur'an 57]] and defined zuhd as not to grieve upon what is lost and not to delight upon what is gained. | Zuhd is giving up the world, turning to the hereafter, giving up hope on anyone other than God and turning to Him. Its opposite is turning to and being [[greedy]] about this world. [[Imam Ali (a)]] referred to [[verse]] twenty three of the [[Qur'an 57]] and defined zuhd as not to grieve upon what is lost and not to delight upon what is gained.<ref>so that you may not grieve for what escapes you, nor boast for what comes your way. Qur'an 57:23</ref> | ||
In hadiths, zuhd is defined as lack of attachment to the world, lack of profligacy, correct utilization of blessings, being grateful about blessings, shortening wishes, avoiding forbidden things and arrogance. | In hadiths, zuhd is defined as lack of attachment to the world, lack of profligacy, correct utilization of [[Ni'ma|blessings]], being [[Shokr|grateful]] about blessings, shortening wishes, avoiding forbidden things and [[arrogance]]. | ||
== Difference with | ===Difference with Monasticism=== | ||
Zuhd in [[Islam]] is different from | {{Main|Monasticism}} | ||
Zuhd in [[Islam]] is different from monasticism in [[Christianity]]. Based on a hadith from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]], Zahid (one who practices zuhd) does not forbid himself from the permissible in religion, but his trust on the properties in this world is not more than his trust in [[God]]. | |||
== Significance == | == Significance == | ||
Zuhd is among important concepts in [[ethics]] and [[mysticism]] and has been greatly advised about in religious teachings. In mysticism, it is considered among the stages of spiritual journey. It is also discussed in [[ | Zuhd is among important concepts in [[ethics]] and [[mysticism]] and has been greatly advised about in religious teachings. In mysticism, it is considered among the stages of spiritual journey. It is also discussed in [[jurisprudence]]; and in the views of some [[jurists]], zuhd is recommended. Jurists give priority to needy Zahids in paying [[zakat]]. In some jurisprudential references, being Zahid is mentioned among the required qualifications of a [[judge]]. It is also said that the ruling issued by a jurist who is more knowledgeable and a better Zahid is superior to the ruling of another jurist in case of disagreement between their rulings. | ||
In some hadiths, the most seemly among people is the highest of them in zuhd. Imam Ali (a) considered it among the primary attributes of leaders. Also, the [[Prophet (s)]] mentioned it the cause of happiness and comfort of people. | In some hadiths, the most seemly among people is the highest of them in zuhd. Imam Ali (a) considered it among the primary attributes of leaders. Also, the [[Prophet (s)]] mentioned it the cause of happiness and comfort of people. | ||
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Scholars of ethics have considered three levels for zuhd with regards to giving up the world: | Scholars of ethics have considered three levels for zuhd with regards to giving up the world: | ||
* '''First level''' | * '''First level:''' Zahid has inclination toward the world but through spiritual struggle, keeps himself away from it. This is the lowest level of zuhd. | ||
* '''Second level''' | * '''Second level:''' Zahid gives up the world voluntarily, but his intention of giving up the world is to reach blessings in the hereafter. In his look, this world is inconsiderable comparing to the hereafter. In this level, Zahid is like a person who loses one [[dirham]] in order to gain two dirhams. | ||
* '''Third level''' | * '''Third level:''' Zahid gives up this world voluntarily and desirably without thinking that he loses anything. This is the highest level of zuhd. | ||
Also in hadiths, zuhd in prohibitions, zuhd in doubtful issues, zuhd in permissible issues are considered among different levels of zuhd. | |||
Also in hadiths, zuhd in [[Haram (fiqh)|prohibitions]], zuhd in doubtful issues, zuhd in permissible issues are considered among different levels of zuhd. | |||
== Effects and Signs == | == Effects and Signs == | ||
In a hadith from the Prophet (s), some fruits are mentioned for zuhd including the illumination of the heart, speaking words of wisdom and discerning the defects of the world. In Shi'a hadiths, some signs are mentioned for zuhd such as abstinence against forbidden issues, inclination toward actions desirable before God, lack of interest in the world and having more attention toward the hereafter. | In a hadith from the Prophet (s), some fruits are mentioned for zuhd including the illumination of the heart, speaking words of wisdom and discerning the defects of the world. In [[Shi'a]] hadiths, some signs are mentioned for zuhd such as abstinence against forbidden issues, inclination toward actions desirable before God, lack of interest in the world and having more attention toward the hereafter. | ||
== Sufi Views == | == Sufi Views == | ||
Zuhd is considered among the principles of [[Sufism]]. However, the interpretation some Sufis present about zuhd has some differences with the views of Muslims, and their views is closer to monastic view in this regard. In their view, zuhd has a close relation with reclusion and is interpreted as abandoning the world and an enemy. It is said that zuhd has been influential in the views of Sufis in their early history. In the government of Imam Ali (a), some withdrew from engaging in politics and government with the excuse of practicing zuhd. | Zuhd is considered among the principles of [[Sufism]]. However, the interpretation some Sufis present about zuhd has some differences with the views of Muslims, and their views is closer to monastic view in this regard. In their view, zuhd has a close relation with reclusion and is interpreted as abandoning the world and an enemy. It is said that zuhd has been influential in the views of Sufis in their early history. In the government of Imam Ali (a), some withdrew from engaging in politics and government with the excuse of practicing zuhd. | ||
But, the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] did not consider caring about the world and providing the living sustenance in conflict with zuhd; rather, they considered attachment to the world in conflict with zuhd. In the view of Islam, true | But, the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] did not consider caring about the world and providing the living [[sustenance]] in conflict with zuhd; rather, they considered attachment to the world in conflict with zuhd. In the view of Islam, true Zahids even though having wealth, are uninterested in it. Also, the noble Prophet (s) criticized those who had given up normal life and only practiced [[ascesis]] and [[worship]] and he (s) did not approve them. The Ahl al-Bayt (a) too had a simple life while they had wealth. In hadiths sources, different stories are mentioned about the simplistic lives of the [[Infallible Ones (a)]] and also their giving charity to others. | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{notes}} | |||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
* [[Ascesis]] | * [[Ascesis]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/ | * The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/زهد {{ia|زهد}}] in Farsi WikiShia. | ||
{{Ethics}} | {{Ethics}} | ||
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