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'''Sharḥ | '''Sharḥ nahj al-balāgha''' (Arabic: {{ia|شرح نهج البلاغة}}, lit: Commentary of Nahj al-balagha) is a book in Arabic by [[Ibn Abi l-Hadid]], a seventh/thirteenth century [[Mu'tazili]] scholar. Among the features of this work are its use of [[Shiite]] and [[Sunni]] sources and being a multi-dimensional (historical, literary, and theological) commentary. | ||
In his introduction to the work, Ibn Abi l-Hadid has mentioned some of his views: He believes that [[Ali (a)]] was superior to the first three [[caliphs]], but he does not admit that the [[Prophet (s)]] had appointed Ali (a) as his successor. He also maintained that those who fought against Imam Ali (a) in the [[Battle of Jamal]], as well as those who participated in the [[Battle of Siffin]] under the command of [[Mu'awiya]] are doomed to [[hell]]. | In his introduction to the work, Ibn Abi l-Hadid has mentioned some of his views: He believes that [[Ali (a)]] was superior to the first three [[caliphs]], but he does not admit that the [[Prophet (s)]] had appointed Ali (a) as his successor. He also maintained that those who fought against Imam Ali (a) in the [[Battle of Jamal]], as well as those who participated in the [[Battle of Siffin]] under the command of [[Mu'awiya]] are doomed to [[hell]]. | ||
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==Author== | ==Author== | ||
{{Main|Ibn Abi l-Hadid}} | {{Main|Ibn Abi l-Hadid}} | ||
Abd al-Hamid b. Hibat Allah, known as Ibn Abi l-Hadid (586/1190 - 656/1258) was born in [[Mada'in]]. He began his education in his hometown and then | Abd al-Hamid b. Hibat Allah, known as Ibn Abi l-Hadid (586/1190 - 656/1258) was born in [[al-Mada'in]]. He began his education in his hometown and then traveled to [[Baghdad]] to continue his studies. | ||
Ibn Abi l-Hadid was a [[Shafi'i]] in [[jurisprudence]] and a Mu'tazilite in beliefs. He composed works in the fields of [[theology]], logic, history, and poetry, but he is known mainly for his commentary on ''[[Nahj al-balagha]]'', which reveals his mastery of literature, theology, [[ethics]], history of early Islam, and Arabic poetry. | Ibn Abi l-Hadid was a [[Shafi'i]] in [[jurisprudence]] and a [[Mu'tazilite]] in beliefs. He composed works in the fields of [[theology]], logic, history, and poetry, but he is known mainly for his commentary on ''[[Nahj al-balagha]]'', which reveals his mastery of literature, theology, [[ethics]], history of early Islam, and Arabic poetry. | ||
==General Information== | ==General Information== | ||
According to what Ibn Abi l-Hadid mentions at the end of his work, the compilation of the commentary took him four years and eight months, which, he notes, was the duration of the caliphate of Imam Ali (a). Ibn Abi l-Hadid started writing the commentary on [[Rajb | According to what Ibn Abi l-Hadid mentions at the end of his work, the compilation of the commentary took him four years and eight months, which, he notes, was the duration of the caliphate of Imam Ali (a). Ibn Abi l-Hadid started writing the commentary on [[Rajb 1]], 644/November 1246 and finished it on the end of [[Safar]] 649/May 1251. | ||
He dedicated the commentary to [[Muhammad b. al- | He dedicated the commentary to [[Muhammad b. al-Alqami]] ([[591 AH|591]]/1195 - [[656 AH|656]]/1258), the [[Abbasid]] vizier, and received from him precious gifts in return. | ||
==Features== | ==Features== | ||
Among the features of the commentary are the following: | Among the features of the commentary are the following: | ||
* '''Using Shiite and Sunni sources:''' Ibn Abi l-Hadid uses Shiite and Sunni sources in the compilation of his commentary. For instance, to refute [[Qadi Abd al-Jabbar]]'s defenses of Uthman, he uses the responses of [[al-Sharif al-Murtada]]. It is said that Ibn Abi l-Hadid was the supervisor of the libraries in [[Baghdad]], including the ten-thousand-volume library of Ibn Alqami, and this is why he has used in his commentary sources that were not even at the disposal of [[Muhammad b. Jarir al-Tabari]], the well-known historian of the third century | * '''Using Shiite and Sunni sources:''' Ibn Abi l-Hadid uses Shiite and Sunni sources in the compilation of his commentary. For instance, to refute [[Qadi Abd al-Jabbar]]'s defenses of Uthman, he uses the responses of [[al-Sharif al-Murtada]]. It is said that Ibn Abi l-Hadid was the supervisor of the libraries in [[Baghdad]], including the ten-thousand-volume library of Ibn al-Alqami, and this is why he has used in his commentary sources that were not even at the disposal of [[Muhammad b. Jarir al-Tabari]], the well-known historian of the third/ninth century. | ||
* '''Comprehensiveness:''' The Commentary of Ibn Abi l-Hadid on ''Nahj al-balagha'' is considered an encyclopedia of literature, theology, [[jurisprudence]], ethics, history, genealogy, and general Arab culture. According to Mahdavi Damghani, one of the translators of ''Nahj al-balagha'', among the various aspects of Ibn Abi l-Hadid's commentary, its literary, historical and social, and theological aspects are especially significant. The commentary contains an account of Islamic history since the time of the [[Prophet (s)]] until [[623 AH|623]]/1226, i.e., thirteen years before the conquest of Baghdad by the [[Mongols]]. Almost half of the book is dedicated to materials about the historical and social circumstances of the first half of the first/seventh century. Moreover, in this commentary, about eight thousand verses of poem are used. | * '''Comprehensiveness:''' The Commentary of Ibn Abi l-Hadid on ''Nahj al-balagha'' is considered an encyclopedia of literature, theology, [[jurisprudence]], ethics, history, genealogy, and general Arab culture. According to Mahdavi Damghani, one of the translators of ''Nahj al-balagha'', among the various aspects of Ibn Abi l-Hadid's commentary, its literary, historical and social, and theological aspects are especially significant. The commentary contains an account of Islamic history since the time of the [[Prophet (s)]] until [[623 AH|623]]/1226, i.e., thirteen years before the conquest of Baghdad by the [[Mongols]]. Almost half of the book is dedicated to materials about the historical and social circumstances of the first half of the first/seventh century. Moreover, in this commentary, about eight thousand verses of poem are used. Ibn Abi l-Hadid has also responded to the claims about inauthenticity of parts of ''Nahj al-balagha''. | ||
* '''Defining difficult words:''' Ibn Abi l-Hadid first quotes a passage of ''Nahj al-balagha'' under the title ''asl'' ( | * '''Defining difficult words:''' Ibn Abi l-Hadid first quotes a passage of ''Nahj al-balagha'' under the title ''asl'' (text), then under the title ''sharh'' (commentary) he writes his explanations which include definitions of difficult words and expressions. | ||
* '''Providing an account of the author's time:''' Living at the time of the Mongol invasion, Ibn Abi l-Hadid provides an account of their emergence and conquest of [[Transoxiana]], [[Khorasan]], [[Iraq]], and especially [[Baghdad]]. For this reason, the work is considered one of the important sources of the history of that period. | * '''Providing an account of the author's time:''' Living at the time of the Mongol invasion, Ibn Abi l-Hadid provides an account of their emergence and conquest of [[Transoxiana]], [[Khorasan]], [[Iraq]], and especially [[Baghdad]]. For this reason, the work is considered one of the important sources of the history of that period. | ||
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* '''Providing a biography of al-Sharif al-Radi:''' In his introduction to the commentary, Ibn Abi l-Hadid provides a biography of [[al-Sharif al-Radi]] and his genealogy. | * '''Providing a biography of al-Sharif al-Radi:''' In his introduction to the commentary, Ibn Abi l-Hadid provides a biography of [[al-Sharif al-Radi]] and his genealogy. | ||
==Author's Views | ==Author's Views== | ||
In his introduction to the commentary, Ibn Abi l-Hadid mentions the views of the [[Mu'tazila]] on [[imamate]], [[Virtues of Imam Ali (a)|superiority of Ali (a) over the first three caliphs]], and the status of those who fought | In his introduction to the commentary, Ibn Abi l-Hadid mentions the views of the [[Mu'tazila]] on [[imamate]], [[Virtues of Imam Ali (a)|superiority of Ali (a) over the first three caliphs]], and the status of those who fought against him and the [[Kharijites]]. | ||
* '''Superiority of Imam Ali (a) Over the First Three Caliphs:''' according to Ibn Abi l-Hadid, the Mu'tazilites were of three opinions regarding the order of superiority among the [[Rashidun Caliphs|first four caliphs]]: some considered Imam Ali (a) to be the best, some chose [[Abu Bakr]] as the best, and a third group did not take a position. Following the Mu'tazila of Baghdad, Ibn Abi l-Hadid believed in the superiority of [[Imam Ali (a)]] over the other caliphs due to the Imam's greater deeds and nobler characteristics. However, he did not believe that the Prophet (s) had designated Ali (a) as his successor. | |||
Ibn Abi l-Hadid | * '''Those who fought against Imam Ali (a) are doomed:''' Ibn Abi l-Hadid believed that those who engaged in the [[Battle of Jamal]] against Imam Ali (a) are doomed to hell—except [[A'isha]], [[Talha]], and [[Zubayr]], because, according to Ibn Abi l-Hadid, they repented. Likewise, he maintained that those who participated in the [[Battle of Siffin]] against Imam Ali (a) and also the Kharijites were all doomed to [[hell]]. | ||
Ibn Abi l-Hadid maintained that Imam Ali (a) had the best and most advantageous views and plans in various situations. He gave best advises to [[Umar]] in his battles with the [[Romans]] and [[Persians]]. He also offered Uthman advises that were to the latter's good and could prevent the events that led to the revolt against him and his murder. | * '''Imam Ali (a) had the best measures:''' Ibn Abi l-Hadid maintained that Imam Ali (a) had the best and most advantageous views and plans in various situations. He gave best advises to [[Umar]] in his battles with the [[Romans]] and [[Persians]]. He also offered Uthman advises that were to the latter's good and could prevent the events that led to the revolt against him and his murder. | ||
Ibn Abi l-Hadid regarded Imam Ali (a) as a fully practicing [[believer]], who would never break divine laws. However, according to him, the other caliphs would sometimes give precedence to the good of society. | * Ibn Abi l-Hadid regarded Imam Ali (a) as a fully practicing [[believer]], who would never break divine laws. However, according to him, the other caliphs would sometimes give precedence to the good of society. | ||
==Related Works== | |||
===Refutations=== | ===Refutations=== | ||
Shiite scholars have written refutations on ''Sharh | Shiite scholars have written refutations on ''Sharh nahj al-balagha'' by Ibn Abi l-Hadid, because it contains contents that are against Shiite beliefs regarding the issue of [[imamate]] and its history. Among these refutations are the following: | ||
*''Salasil al-hadid li taqyid | *''Salasil al-hadid li-taqyid Ibn Abi l-Hadid'' written by [[Yusuf al-Bahrani]] (b.1107/1695 - d.1186/1772) | ||
*''Al-Ruh fi | *''Al-Ruh fi l-naqd ma abramahu Ibn Abi l-Hadid'' by [[Sayyid Ahmad b. Tawus al-Hilli]] (d. 673/1239) | ||
*''Al-Radd 'ala | *''Al-Radd 'ala Ibn Abi l-Hadid'' by Ali b. Hasan al-Biladi al-Bahrani (d. 1340/1922) | ||
*''Salasil al-hadid fi | *''Salasil al-hadid fi l-radd 'ala Ibn Abi l-Hadid'' by Shaykh Yusuf al-Kufi | ||
*''Al-Naqd al-sadid li sharh khutba al-Shiqshiqiyya li | *''Al-Naqd al-sadid li-sharh khutba al-Shiqshiqiyya li-Ibn Abi l-Hadid'' | ||
===Summaries=== | ===Summaries=== | ||
The commentary of Ibn Abi l-Hadid on ''Nahj al-balagha'' has been summarized in the following works: | The commentary of Ibn Abi l-Hadid on ''Nahj al-balagha'' has been summarized in the following works: | ||
* ''Al-'Aqd al-nadid al-mustakhrij min sharh | * ''Al-'Aqd al-nadid al-mustakhrij min sharh Ibn Abi l-Hadid'' by Fakhr al-Din Abd Allah al-Mu'ayyid bi-Allah | ||
* Sultan Mahmud Tabasi has also written a summary of it, and Muhammad Qanbar Ali Kazimi has produced the book ''Iltiqat al-durar al-muntakhab'' (Picking Select Pearls) as a selection of its contents. | * Sultan Mahmud Tabasi has also written a summary of it, and Muhammad Qanbar Ali Kazimi has produced the book ''Iltiqat al-durar al-muntakhab'' (Picking Select Pearls) as a selection of its contents. | ||
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==Publication== | ==Publication== | ||
''Sharh | ''Sharh nahj al-balagha'' was compiled in twenty volumes (edited by Muhammad Abu l-Fadl Ibrahim), and was published in two-volume, four-volume, eleven-volume (edited by Abd al-Karim al-Nimri and published by Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya), and twenty-volume editions. | ||
A manuscript of this work is preserved in the library of [[Astan Quds Radawi]], which is believed to have been produced during the lifetime of the author. | A manuscript of this work is preserved in the library of [[Astan-i Quds-i Radawi]], which is believed to have been produced during the lifetime of the author. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{ref}} | |||
* The material for this article is mainly taken from {{ia|[[:fa:شرح نهج البلاغه (ابن ابیالحدید)|شرح نهج البلاغه (ابن ابیالحدید)]]}} in Farsi Wikishia. | * The material for this article is mainly taken from {{ia|[[:fa:شرح نهج البلاغه (ابن ابیالحدید)|شرح نهج البلاغه (ابن ابیالحدید)]]}} in Farsi Wikishia. | ||
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