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{{Infobox person | |||
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| Well Known As = Abraha al-Ashram | |||
| Religious Affiliation =[[Christianity]] | |||
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| Place of Birth = [[Abyssinia]] | |||
| Places of Residence = <!--if there is more than one place of residence--> | |||
| Place of Residence = Abyssinia and [[Yemen]] | |||
| Death = Sixth century AD | |||
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| Known for = Marching to [[Mecca]] to destroy the [[Ka'ba]] | |||
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| Notable roles = Commander of the [[army of the elephants]], Ruler of Yemen | |||
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}} | |||
'''Abraha''' (Arabic: {{ia|أبرهة}}) or '''Abraha al-Ashram''' (Arabic: {{ia|أبرهة الأشرم}}) was the king of [[Yemen]] and the commander of the [[army of the elephants]] who marched to [[Mecca]] to destroy the [[Ka'ba]] but was defeated by [[flocks of birds]] throwing pieces of shale. Abraha later died in Yemen from the injuries he had in that incident. | '''Abraha''' (Arabic: {{ia|أبرهة}}) or '''Abraha al-Ashram''' (Arabic: {{ia|أبرهة الأشرم}}) was the king of [[Yemen]] and the commander of the [[army of the elephants]] who marched to [[Mecca]] to destroy the [[Ka'ba]] but was defeated by [[flocks of birds]] throwing pieces of shale. Abraha later died in Yemen from the injuries he had in that incident. | ||
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
Abraha was from Abyssinia. He lived in the sixth century AD, around the year of the birth of the Prophet of Islam. After defeating the Yemenis, Abraha became king there. | Abraha was from Abyssinia.<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ'', vol. 4, p. 68.</ref> He lived in the sixth century AD, around the year of the birth of the [[Prophet of Islam (s)]].<ref>Bargnīsī, ''Abraha''. vol. 2, p. 563.</ref> After defeating the Yemenis, Abraha became king there.<ref>Muqaddisī, ''al-Bidaʾ wa tārīkh'', vol. 3, p. 185.</ref> | ||
Abraha was called Ashram (having a split nose and lips) because of the wound he had received on his face during the war. However, in ''Dala'il al-nubuwwa'', his name is recorded as “Abraha b. Ashram”. But, it is said that his father's name was not Ashram, as his | Abraha was called Ashram (having a split nose and lips) because of the wound he had received on his face during the war.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 129.</ref> However, in ''Dala'il al-nubuwwa'', his name is recorded as “Abraha b. Ashram”.<ref>Bayhaqī, ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa'', vol. 1, p. 117.</ref> But, it is said that his father's name was not Ashram,<ref>Bargnīsī, ''Abraha''. vol. 2, p. 563.</ref> as his father's name is mentioned Sabah in ''Mu'jam al-buldan''.<ref>Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī,''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 3, p. 53.</ref> | ||
Abraha was also called Abu Yaksum, “Sahib al-Fil” (the Companion of the Elephant), and Abraha Habashi (Abraha of Abyssinia). | Abraha was also called Abu Yaksum,<ref>Dhahabī, ''Tārīkh al-Islām'', vol. 1, p. 164.</ref> “Sahib al-Fil”<ref>Samʿānī, ''al-Ansāb'', vol. 5, p. 200.</ref> (the Companion of the Elephant), and Abraha Habashi (Abraha of Abyssinia).<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ'', vol. 4, p. 68.</ref> | ||
==Campaign to Mecca== | ==Campaign to Mecca== | ||
Abraha marched to Mecca with an [[army of elephants]] in front of him to destroy the Ka'ba. According to the [[verses]] of the [[Qur'an]], [[flocks of birds]] appeared in the sky and threw stones at them. The army of Abraha returned to Yemen after the defeat. Abraha was also injured in the incident and died in Yemen after being transferred there. | [[File:نقاشی استاد احمدیه.jpg|thumbnail|right|180px|A panel of Army of Elephants by Isfandyar Ahmadiya]] | ||
Abraha marched to Mecca with an [[army of elephants]] in front of him<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 67.</ref> to destroy the Ka'ba.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 27, p. 335.</ref> According to the [[verses]] of the [[Qur'an]], [[flocks of birds]] appeared in the sky and threw stones at them.<ref>See: Qur'an 105.</ref> The army of Abraha returned to Yemen after the defeat.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 27, p. 335.</ref> Abraha was also injured in the incident and died in Yemen after being transferred there.<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''al-Maʿārif'', p. 638.</ref> | |||
In [[ | In [[Sura al-Fil]], the story of the army of the elephants and their destruction by flocks of birds throwing pieces of shale is mentioned.<ref>Quran 105, verses 1-5.</ref> | ||
==Motivation to Destroy the Kaaba== | ==Motivation to Destroy the Kaaba== | ||
Abraha was a follower of Christianity. To prevent the Yemeni Arabs from traveling to Mecca, he built a church in [[San'a]] and decorated it with gold and jewelry, and forced them to visit it. The church was called “Qilis” and was built to prevent Arabs from traveling to Mecca. But, one of the Yemenis disrespected this church, so Abraha swore to destroy the | Abraha was a follower of Christianity.<ref>Jawād ʿAlī, ''al-Mufaṣṣal fī tārīkh al-ʿarab qabl al-Islām'', vol. 6, p. 184.</ref> To prevent the Yemeni Arabs from traveling to Mecca, he built a church in [[San'a]] and decorated it with gold and jewelry, and forced them to visit it.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 67.</ref> The church was called “Qilis”<ref>Ibn Kalbī, ''al-Aṣnām'', p. 46-47.</ref> and was built to prevent Arabs from traveling to Mecca.<ref>Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 2, p. 170.</ref> But, one of the Yemenis disrespected this church, so Abraha swore to destroy the Ka'ba.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 67.</ref> However, the spread of Christianity in the western and southern parts of the Arabian Peninsula, as well as the political and economic interests of Rome and Abyssinia, are considered to be the motives of his attack on Mecca.<ref>Bargnīsī, ''Abraha'', vol. 2, p. 569.</ref> | ||
==Government of Yemen== | ==Government of Yemen== | ||
Abraha was the commander of one of the two armies that the ruler of Abyssinia sent to capture Yemen. Another army was led by a man named Ariat. According to some accounts, only one army was sent to Yemen under the command of Ariat, and Abraha was one of Ariat's corps. After the conquest of Yemen by the Abyssinian army, a war broke out between Ariat and Abraha. Abraha killed Ariat and became the ruler of Yemen. | Abraha was the commander of one of the two armies that the ruler of [[Abyssinia]] sent to capture Yemen.<ref>Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 6, p. 306.</ref> Another army was led by a man named Ariat.<ref>Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 6, p. 306.</ref> According to some accounts, only one army was sent to Yemen under the command of Ariat, and Abraha was one of Ariat's corps.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 125.</ref> After the conquest of Yemen by the Abyssinian army,<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 200.</ref> a war broke out between Ariat and Abraha.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 200.</ref> Abraha killed Ariat and became the ruler of Yemen.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 41</ref> | ||
According to [[al-Mas'udi]], the killing of Ariat angered the king of Abyssinia, who decided to attack with an army and kill Abraha. But, Abraha sent gifts with a letter to the king of Abyssinia, in which, in addition to asking for forgiveness, he declared his loyalty and obedience to the king of Abyssinia. The king of Abyssinia also forgave him. | According to [[al-Mas'udi]], the killing of Ariat angered the king of Abyssinia, who decided to attack with an army and kill Abraha.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 52.</ref> But, Abraha sent gifts with a letter to the king of Abyssinia, in which, in addition to asking for forgiveness, he declared his loyalty and obedience to the king of Abyssinia.<ref>Muqaddisī, ''al-Bidaʾ wa tārīkh'', vol. 3, p. 185.</ref> The king of Abyssinia also forgave him.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 42.</ref> | ||
==See Also== | |||
{{cb|2}} | |||
* [[Sijjil]] | |||
* [[Flocks of Birds]] | |||
{{end}} | |||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{notes}} | {{notes}} | ||
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* Maqrizī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Namīsī. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1420 AH. | * Maqrizī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Namīsī. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1420 AH. | ||
* Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. ''Tafsīr-i nimūna''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1374 Sh. | * Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. ''Tafsīr-i nimūna''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1374 Sh. | ||
* Samʿānī, ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Muḥammad. al-. ''Al-Ansāb''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Yaḥyā al-Muʿallimī al-Yamānī. 1st edition. Hyderabad: Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmānīyya, 1382 AH/1962. | * Samʿānī, ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Muḥammad. al-. ''Al-Ansāb''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Yaḥyā al-Muʿallimī al-Yamānī. 1st edition. Hyderabad: Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmānīyya, 1382 AH/1962. | ||
* Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. 2nd edition. Beirut: Dar al-Turāth, 1387 AH. | * Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. 2nd edition. Beirut: Dar al-Turāth, 1387 AH. | ||
* Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''. | * Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''. 2nd edition. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995. | ||
* Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, [n.p]. | * Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, [n.p]. | ||
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