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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
Abraha was from Abyssinia.<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ'', vol. 4, p. 68.</ref> He lived in the sixth century AD, around the year of the birth of the [[Prophet of Islam (s)]].<ref>Bargnīsī, ''Abraha''. vol. 2, p. 563.</ref> After defeating the Yemenis, Abraha became king there.<ref> | Abraha was from Abyssinia.<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ'', vol. 4, p. 68.</ref> He lived in the sixth century AD, around the year of the birth of the [[Prophet of Islam (s)]].<ref>Bargnīsī, ''Abraha''. vol. 2, p. 563.</ref> After defeating the Yemenis, Abraha became king there.<ref>Maqdisī, ''al-Bidaʾ wa tārīkh'', vol. 3, p. 185.</ref> | ||
Abraha was called Ashram (having a split nose and lips) because of the wound he had received on his face during the war.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 129.</ref> However, in ''Dala'il al-nubuwwa'', his name is recorded as “Abraha b. Ashram”.<ref>Bayhaqī, ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa'', vol. 1, p. 117.</ref> But, it is said that his father's name was not Ashram,<ref>Bargnīsī, ''Abraha''. vol. 2, p. 563.</ref> as his father's name is mentioned Sabah in ''Mu'jam al-buldan''.<ref>Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī,''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 3, p. 53.</ref> | Abraha was called Ashram (having a split nose and lips) because of the wound he had received on his face during the war.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 129.</ref> However, in ''Dala'il al-nubuwwa'', his name is recorded as “Abraha b. Ashram”.<ref>Bayhaqī, ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa'', vol. 1, p. 117.</ref> But, it is said that his father's name was not Ashram,<ref>Bargnīsī, ''Abraha''. vol. 2, p. 563.</ref> as his father's name is mentioned Sabah in ''Mu'jam al-buldan''.<ref>Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī,''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 3, p. 53.</ref> | ||
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Abraha was the commander of one of the two armies that the ruler of [[Abyssinia]] sent to capture Yemen.<ref>Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 6, p. 306.</ref> Another army was led by a man named Ariat.<ref>Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 6, p. 306.</ref> According to some accounts, only one army was sent to Yemen under the command of Ariat, and Abraha was one of Ariat's corps.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 125.</ref> After the conquest of Yemen by the Abyssinian army,<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 200.</ref> a war broke out between Ariat and Abraha.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 200.</ref> Abraha killed Ariat and became the ruler of Yemen.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 41</ref> | Abraha was the commander of one of the two armies that the ruler of [[Abyssinia]] sent to capture Yemen.<ref>Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 6, p. 306.</ref> Another army was led by a man named Ariat.<ref>Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 6, p. 306.</ref> According to some accounts, only one army was sent to Yemen under the command of Ariat, and Abraha was one of Ariat's corps.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 125.</ref> After the conquest of Yemen by the Abyssinian army,<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 200.</ref> a war broke out between Ariat and Abraha.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 200.</ref> Abraha killed Ariat and became the ruler of Yemen.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 41</ref> | ||
According to [[al-Mas'udi]], the killing of Ariat angered the king of Abyssinia, who decided to attack with an army and kill Abraha.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 52.</ref> But, Abraha sent gifts with a letter to the king of Abyssinia, in which, in addition to asking for forgiveness, he declared his loyalty and obedience to the king of Abyssinia.<ref> | According to [[al-Mas'udi]], the killing of Ariat angered the king of Abyssinia, who decided to attack with an army and kill Abraha.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 52.</ref> But, Abraha sent gifts with a letter to the king of Abyssinia, in which, in addition to asking for forgiveness, he declared his loyalty and obedience to the king of Abyssinia.<ref>Maqdisī, ''al-Bidaʾ wa tārīkh'', vol. 3, p. 185.</ref> The king of Abyssinia also forgave him.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 42.</ref> | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
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* Jawād ʿAlī. ''Al-Mufaṣṣal fī tārīkh al-ʿarab qabl al-Islām''. [n.p]: Dār al-Sāqī, 2001. | * Jawād ʿAlī. ''Al-Mufaṣṣal fī tārīkh al-ʿarab qabl al-Islām''. [n.p]: Dār al-Sāqī, 2001. | ||
* Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar''. Edited by Asʿad Dāghir. 2nd edition. Qom: Dār al-Hijra, 1409 AH. | * Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar''. Edited by Asʿad Dāghir. 2nd edition. Qom: Dār al-Hijra, 1409 AH. | ||
* | * Maqdisī, Muṭahhar b. Ṭāhir. ''Al-Bidaʾ wa tārīkh''. Port Said: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa al-Dīnīyya, [n.d]. | ||
* Maqrizī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Namīsī. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1420 AH. | * Maqrizī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Namīsī. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1420 AH. | ||
* Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. ''Tafsīr-i nimūna''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1374 Sh. | * Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. ''Tafsīr-i nimūna''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1374 Sh. | ||