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'''Āyatollāh''' (آیت الله) ( | '''Āyatollāh''' (آیت الله) (The sign of [[Allah]]), is a title that has been used for top ranking [[Shi'a]] scholars since the early 14th/20th century. | ||
The title was first given to Hasan b. Yusuf b. 'Ali b. Mutahhar, widely known as: [[al-'Allama al-Hilli]]. After the establishment of the [[Seminary]] in [[Qom]] by Shaykh [['Abd al-Karim Ha'iri]], other great [[Fuqaha]] (Jurists) | The title was first given to Hasan b. Yusuf b. 'Ali b. Mutahhar, widely known as: [[al-'Allama al-Hilli]]. After the establishment of the [[Seminary]] in [[Qom]] by Shaykh [['Abd al-Karim Ha'iri]], other great [[Fuqaha]] (Jurists) also became referred to with this title. | ||
==In Early Islamic History== | ==In Early Islamic History== | ||
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* In the 4th/10th century, the title, "Thiqat al-Islam" was given to [[al-Kulayni]] | * In the 4th/10th century, the title, "Thiqat al-Islam" was given to [[al-Kulayni]] | ||
* In the 5th/11th century, the title, "Hujjat al-Islam" was given to [[Muhammad al-Ghazali]] | * In the 5th/11th century, the title, "Hujjat al-Islam" was given to [[Muhammad al-Ghazali]] | ||
* In the 7th/13th century, the title, "Muhaqqiq" was given to [[Ja'far b. Hasan al-Hilli]] | * In the 7th/13th century, the title, "Muhaqqiq" was given to [[Ja'far b. Hasan al-Hilli]] | ||
* In the 8th/14th century, the titles, "'Allama" and "Ayatollah" were given to [[Hasan b. Yusuf al-Hilli]] | * In the 8th/14th century, the titles, "'Allama" and "Ayatollah" were given to [[Hasan b. Yusuf al-Hilli]] | ||
All of these titles remained exclusive for the above mentioned scholars for several centuries | All of these titles remained exclusive for the above mentioned scholars for several centuries. As time went on, they gradually came into general usage for other scholars. | ||
===First Scholar | ===First Scholar to be given the title of "Ayatollah"=== | ||
[[Al-'Allama al-Hilli|Hasan b. Yusuf b. Mutahhar al-Hilli]] was the first scholar to be given the title of "Ayatollah". He is well-known by his other title, ''al-'Allama al-Hilli''. [[Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani]] (d.852/1448) refers to 'Allama al-Hilli as ''Ayat fi al-Dhaka'', (a sign of intelligence). [[Sharaf al-Din Shulistani]], [[Shaykh Baha'i]] and [['Allama Majlisi]], mention al-'Allama al-Hilli with the title: Ayatollah fi al-'Alamin (the sign of [[Allah]] in the worlds). Mulla Muhammad Baqir Majlisi uses the same title for [[Shams al-Din Muhammad b. Makki]]. | |||
==In the 14th/20th century== | |||
==In | |||
In the early 14th/20th century, the title, "Ayatollah" was used for someone else for the first time: [[Mirza Husayn Nuri]] (1254/1836-1320/1903) gave the title to [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi Bahr al-'Ulum]]. After a few decades, [[Shaykh 'Abbas Qummi]] used the title of "Ayatollah" for [[Shaykh Murtida Ansari]], [[Shaykh Husayn Najaf]] and [[Sayyid Muhammad Hasan Shirazi]]. Gradually, [[Mashruta]] historians used the title for [[Akhund Mulla Kazim Khurasani]], [[Haj Mirza Husayn Mirza Khalil]], [[Shaykh 'Abd Allah Mazandarani]] and others. | In the early 14th/20th century, the title, "Ayatollah" was used for someone else for the first time: [[Mirza Husayn Nuri]] (1254/1836-1320/1903) gave the title to [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi Bahr al-'Ulum]]. After a few decades, [[Shaykh 'Abbas Qummi]] used the title of "Ayatollah" for [[Shaykh Murtida Ansari]], [[Shaykh Husayn Najaf]] and [[Sayyid Muhammad Hasan Shirazi]]. Gradually, [[Mashruta]] historians used the title for [[Akhund Mulla Kazim Khurasani]], [[Haj Mirza Husayn Mirza Khalil]], [[Shaykh 'Abd Allah Mazandarani]] and others. | ||