Burial Place of Lady Fatima (a): Difference between revisions

Burial Place of Lady Fatima (a) (view source)

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 The majority view among Shiite scholars is that [[Lady Fatimah al-Zahra' (a)|Fatima (a)]] was buried in her residence.<ref>Ḥusaynī Shīrāzī, ''al-duʿā wa l-zīyāra'', p. 588; Anṣārī, ''al-Mawsūʿat al-kubrā'', vol. 16, p. 113.</ref> This possibility is preferred by [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]],<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 572.</ref> [[Ibn Idris al-Hilli]],<ref>Ḥillī, ''Kitāb al-sarāʾir'', vol. 1, p. 652.</ref> [[Ali b. Musa b. Ja'far b. Tawus|Ibn Tawus]],<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''al-Iqbāl'', vol. 3, p. 163.</ref> [[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi|'Allama al-Majlisi]],<ref>Majlisī, ''Mirʾāt al-ʿuqūl'', vol. 5, p. 349.</ref> and [[Al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Amin|Sayyid Muhsin al-Amin]].<ref>Amīn, ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa'', vol. 1, p. 322.</ref> In support of this view, they cite a hadith<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Maʿānī al-akhbār'', p. 268.</ref> from [[Imam Ali b. Musa al-Rida (a)|Imam al-Rida (a)]] according to which Lady Fatima (a) was buried in her own house, and when the [[Umayyad dynasty]] expanded [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Masjid al-Nabi]], her house was incorporated within the mosque.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 572.</ref>
-Some Shiite scholars believe that the hadith in which Imam 'Ali (a) refers to Fatima (a) as being “buried adjacent to the Prophet (s)” corroborates the view that she was buried in her own house, since the closest place to the burial site of the Prophet was her residence.
+Some Shiite scholars believe that the hadith in which Imam 'Ali (a) refers to Fatima (a) as being “buried adjacent to the Prophet (s)”<ref>Sayyid Raḍī, ''Nahj al-balāgha'', p. 319; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib'', vol. 3, p. 364.</ref> corroborates the view that she was buried in her own house, since the closest place to the burial site of the Prophet was her residence.<ref>Māzandarānī, ''Sharḥ uṣūl kāfī'', vol. 7, p. 208; Ḥasanzāda, ''Hizār-o-yik kalima'', vol. 3, p. 446.</ref>
-Some Shiite researchers argue that it is unlikely for Fatima to be buried in her own house as this contradicts the [[Hadith|hadiths]] which state that [[Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (a)|Imam Ali (a)]] carried her body outside of the house during her [[Funeral Procession|funeral]]. However, some speculate that either the funeral did not involve the body<ref>Ḥusaynī Shīrāzī, ''Al-duʿā wa l-zīyāra'', p. 588.</ref> or was intentionally misleading as to the location of her burial. Another Shiite researcher suggests that the funeral procession started from another house belonging to 'Ali and Fatima, located in close proximity to [[al-Baqi']], and proceeded towards the other residence of 'Ali and Fatima. According to this viewpoint, the events following the death of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet (s)]], such as the attack on Fatima's house, occurred in the house situated near al-Baqi'.
+Some Shiite researchers argue that it is unlikely for Fatima to be buried in her own house as this contradicts the [[Hadith|hadiths]] which state that [[Imam Ali b. Abi Talib (a)|Imam Ali (a)]] carried her body outside of the house during her [[Funeral Procession|funeral]].<ref>Ḥamūd, ''Abhā l-midād'', vol. 2, p. 547.</ref> However, some speculate that either the funeral did not involve the body<ref>Ḥusaynī Shīrāzī, ''Al-duʿā wa l-zīyāra'', p. 588.</ref> or was intentionally misleading as to the location of her burial.<ref>Turābī, Ḥamza and Aḥmadī Kachāyī, Majīd. "Justarī dar chigūnigī wa makān-i dafn-i haḍrat-i Zahrā (a) dar manābiʿ-i nukhustīn", p. 131.</ref> Another Shiite researcher suggests that the funeral procession started from another house belonging to 'Ali and Fatima, located in close proximity to [[al-Baqi']], and proceeded towards the other residence of 'Ali and Fatima.<ref>Najmī, ''Tārīkh-i ḥarām-i aʾimma-yi Baqīʿ'', p. 166.</ref> According to this viewpoint, the events following the death of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet (s)]], such as the attack on Fatima's house, occurred in the house situated near al-Baqi'.<ref>Najmī, ''Tārīkh-i ḥarām-i aʾimma-yi Baqīʿ'', p. 163.</ref>
 === Rawdat al-Nabi ===
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 [[File:خانه فاطمه.jpg|thumbnail|right|Inside the house of [[Fatima (a)]] in [[Masjid al-Nabi]]; Mihrab of Fatima (a) and darih behind the mihrab, which people consider attributed to Fatima (a).]]
-In his ''[[al-Muqna'a]]'', [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] supports Fatima’s burial in Rawdat al-Nabi as the most accurate possibility. The Shiite scholar of hadith al-Shaykh al-Tusi claims that most Shiite scholars believe that Fatima (a) was buried in Rawda. The area known as Rawdat al-Nabi lies between the Prophet's minbar and his burial place within [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Masjid al-Nabi]], which is referred to by the Prophet (s) as a "rawda" (garden or a green area) among the "rawdas" of the [[heaven]]. According to a hadith cited in ''[[Ma'ani l-akhbar (book)|Ma'ani l-akhbar]]'', this designation is due to Fatima's burial at the site.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Maʿānī al-akhbār'', p. 267.</ref>
+In his ''[[al-Muqna'a]]'', [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] supports Fatima’s burial in Rawdat al-Nabi as the most accurate possibility.<ref>Mufīd, ''Al-Muqniʿa'', p. 459.</ref> The Shiite scholar of hadith al-Shaykh al-Tusi claims that most Shiite scholars believe that Fatima (a) was buried in Rawda.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid'', vol. 2, p. 711.</ref> The area known as Rawdat al-Nabi lies between the Prophet's minbar and his burial place within [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Masjid al-Nabi]], which is referred to by the Prophet (s) as a "rawda" (garden or a green area<ref>Ibn Sīdah, a''l-Muḥkam wa l-muhīt al-aʿzam'', vol. 8, p. 245.</ref>) among the "rawdas" of the [[heaven]].<ref>Kulaynī, a''l-Kāfī'', vol. 9, p. 257.</ref> According to a hadith cited in ''[[Ma'ani l-akhbar (book)|Ma'ani l-akhbar]]'', this designation is due to Fatima's burial at the site.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Maʿānī al-akhbār'', p. 267.</ref>
-[[Al-Fadl b. al-Hasan al-Tabrisi|Amin al-Islam al-Tabrisi]], a sixth/twelfth century<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Tāj al-mawālīd'', p. 80.</ref> exegete of the [[Qur'an|Quran]] and theologian, and [[Ibn Shahrashub]], a sixth/twelfth century Quranic exegete and scholar of [[hadith]], believe that the two most probable speculations about Fatima’s burial place are her own house and Rawda. Al-Shaykh al-Tusi suggests that the two possibilities are close to each other. 'Allama al-Majlisi proposes a reconciliation between the two views, as most Shias hold the belief that Rawda encompasses Fatima’s house as well.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 97, p. 193; Majlisī, ''Mirʾāt al-ʿuqūl'', vol. 5, p. 349.</ref> For this reason, some researchers say that the Rawda view confirms the house view.
+[[Al-Fadl b. al-Hasan al-Tabrisi|Amin al-Islam al-Tabrisi]], a sixth/twelfth century<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Tāj al-mawālīd'', p. 80.</ref> exegete of the [[Qur'an|Quran]] and theologian, and [[Ibn Shahrashub]], a sixth/twelfth century<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib'', vol. 3, p. 365.</ref> Quranic exegete and scholar of [[hadith]], believe that the two most probable speculations about Fatima’s burial place are her own house and Rawda. Al-Shaykh al-Tusi suggests that the two possibilities are close to each other.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām'', vol. 6, p. 9.</ref> 'Allama al-Majlisi proposes a reconciliation between the two views, as most Shias hold the belief that Rawda encompasses Fatima’s house as well.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 97, p. 193; Majlisī, ''Mirʾāt al-ʿuqūl'', vol. 5, p. 349.</ref> For this reason, some researchers say that the Rawda view confirms the house view.<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 210.</ref>
 === Al-Baqi' Cemetery ===
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 According to [[Ali b. Isa al-Irbili|Baha' al-Din al-Irbili]], a seventh/thirteenth Shiite historian, people and historiographers widely believe that Fatima was buried in al-Baqi'. He cites a hadith that confirms this possibility. However, he does not specify an exact location in the al-Baqi' cemetery for her resting place.<ref>Irbilī, ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā al-. ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 1, p. 501.</ref>
-Al-Shaykh al-Tusi and Amin al-Islam al-Tabrisi<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 301.</ref> dismiss this possibility as unlikely. This is supported by a hadith in ''[[Al-Kafi (book)|al-Kafi]]'', which implies that Fatima (a) was not buried in al-Baqi'. On this hadith, [[Imam al-Hasan b. Ali al-Mujtaba (a)|Imam al-Hasan (a)]] made a will to [[Imam al-Husayn b. Ali (a)|Imam al-Husayn (a)]] as follows: “after my martyrdom, take me to the mausoleum of the Prophet (s) so that I renew my allegiance to him. Then take me to my mother’s grave, and from there take me to al-Baqi'.”
+Al-Shaykh al-Tusi<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām'', vol. 6, p. 9.</ref> and Amin al-Islam al-Tabrisi<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 301.</ref> dismiss this possibility as unlikely. This is supported by a hadith in ''[[Al-Kafi (book)|al-Kafi]]'', which implies that Fatima (a) was not buried in al-Baqi'.<ref>Anṣārī, a''l-Mawsūʿat al-kubrā ʿan Fāṭimat al-Zahrāʾ'', vol. 16, p. 51.</ref> On this hadith, [[Imam al-Hasan b. Ali al-Mujtaba (a)|Imam al-Hasan (a)]] made a will to [[Imam al-Husayn b. Ali (a)|Imam al-Husayn (a)]] as follows: “after my martyrdom, take me to the mausoleum of the Prophet (s) so that I renew my allegiance to him. Then take me to my mother’s grave, and from there take me to al-Baqi'.”<ref>Kulaynī, a''-Kāfī'', vol. 2, p. 43.</ref>
 === 'Aqil’s House (Mausoleum of the Imams in al-Baqi') ===
 ''Main article: [[Monuments of al-Baqi']]''
-[[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi|'Allama al-Majlisi]] quotes a [[hadith]] from ''Misbah al-anwar'' to the effect that Fatima (a) was laid to rest in the house of [[Aqil b. Abi Talib|'Aqil b. Abi Talib]].<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 79, p. 27.</ref> This house was located in close proximity to the al-Baqi' cemetery. Over time, as [[Al-Abbas b. Abd al-Muttalib|'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] and [[Imams of al-Baqi'|four Shiite Imams (a)]] were buried there, the house transformed from a private residence to a public place of pilgrimage. The house was incorporated into al-Baqi' when it was expanded.
+[[Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi|'Allama al-Majlisi]] quotes a [[hadith]] from ''Misbah al-anwar'' to the effect that Fatima (a) was laid to rest in the house of [[Aqil b. Abi Talib|'Aqil b. Abi Talib]].<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 79, p. 27.</ref> This house was located in close proximity to the al-Baqi' cemetery.<ref>Qāʾidān,''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 208.</ref> Over time, as [[Al-Abbas b. Abd al-Muttalib|'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] and [[Imams of al-Baqi'|four Shiite Imams (a)]] were buried there, the house transformed from a private residence to a public place of pilgrimage.<ref>Najmī, ''Tārīkh-i ḥarām-i aʾimma-yi Baqīʿ'', p. 127.</ref> The house was incorporated into al-Baqi' when it was expanded.<ref>Najmī, ''Tārīkh-i ḥarām-i aʾimma-yi Baqīʿ'', p. 81.</ref>
-In a travelogue from the years 1302/1884-5 and 1303/1885-6, Muhammad Husayn Farahani, a Qajar-era author and poet, reports about a grave in the mausoleum of the Imams in al-Baqi'a, which was attributed to Lady Fatima (a). On his report,  both Shiite and Sunni Muslims visited the place to recite a pilgrimage text ([[Ziyara-text|ziyara]]).
+In a travelogue from the years 1302/1884-5 and 1303/1885-6, Muhammad Husayn Farahani, a Qajar-era author and poet, reports about a grave in the mausoleum of the Imams in al-Baqi'a, which was attributed to Lady Fatima (a). On his report,  both Shiite and Sunni Muslims visited the place to recite a pilgrimage text ([[Ziyara-text|ziyara]]).<ref>Farāhānī, ''Safarnāma-yi Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḥusayn Farāhānī'', p. 229.</ref>
-The majority view among Sunni scholars is that the grave of Lady Fatima (a) is located in the mausoleum of Shiite Imams in al-Baqi'. They try to support the view by citing Imam al-Hasan’s will to be buried alongside his mother Fatima (a). In contrast, Shias cite a hadith to show that the person called “Fatima” who is buried in al-Baqi' is in fact [[Fatima bt. Asad (a)|Fatima bt. Al-Asad]], Imam 'Ali’s mother. Muhamamd Sadigh Najmi, a Shiite scholar, believes that Sunni authors have tried to propagate the idea that Fatima (a) was buried within the mausoleum of Shiite Imams in al-Baqi' to alleviate the pressure from Shias concerning the secrecy of Fatima’s grave.
+The majority view among Sunni scholars is that the grave of Lady Fatima (a) is located in the mausoleum of Shiite Imams in al-Baqi'.<ref>Samhudī, ''Wafāʾ al-wafā'', vol. 3, p. 93; Ibn Najjār al-Baghdādī, a''l-Durrat al-thamīna'', p. 166; Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 209.</ref> They try to support the view by citing Imam al-Hasan’s will to be buried alongside his mother Fatima (a).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dhakhāʾir al-ʿuqbā'', p. 54 and 151.</ref> In contrast, Shias cite a hadith<ref>Mufīd, a''l-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 17.</ref> to show that the person called “Fatima” who is buried in al-Baqi' is in fact [[Fatima bt. Asad (a)|Fatima bt. Al-Asad]], Imam 'Ali’s mother.<ref>Qummī, ''Anwār al-bahīyya'', p. 174; Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 209.</ref> Muhamamd Sadigh Najmi, a Shiite scholar, believes that Sunni authors have tried to propagate the idea that Fatima (a) was buried within the mausoleum of Shiite Imams in al-Baqi' to alleviate the pressure from Shias concerning the secrecy of Fatima’s grave.<ref>Najmī, ''Tārīkh-i ḥarām-i aʾimma-yi Baqīʿ'', p. 128.</ref>
-Sunni sources propound other possibilities about the burial site of Lady Fatima (a) as well, including her own house, Rawdat al-Nabi, the external part of the house of 'Aqil b. Abi Talib, and [[Bayt al-Ahzan]].
+Sunni sources propound other possibilities about the burial site of Lady Fatima (a) as well, including her own house,<ref>Ibn Jawzī, ''Muthīr al-gharām'', p. 464.</ref> Rawdat al-Nabi,<ref>Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī, ''Mirʾāt al-zamān'', vol. 5, p. 60.</ref> the external part of the house of 'Aqil b. Abi Talib,<ref>Numīrī, ''Tārīkh al-madīna'', vol. 1, p. 105.</ref> and [[Bayt al-Ahzan]].<ref>Dīyārbakrī, ''Tārīkh al-khamīs'', vol. 2, p. 176.</ref>
 ==The Reason for her Grave’s Concealment==
 ''Main article: [[Funeral and burial of Lady Fatima al-Zahra (a)]]''