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{{about|'''Battle of Ahzab'''|other article named '''Ahzab'''|Ahzab (disambiguation)}} | |||
{{Infobox War | {{Infobox War | ||
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|Note = Muslims, by the suggestion of [[Salman]] dug a Trench in the north of Medina, [[Qur'an]] mentioned this event in [[Qur'an 2]]: 214, [[Qur'an 4]]: 51-55, and [[Qur'an 33]]: 9-25 | |Note = Muslims, by the suggestion of [[Salman]] dug a Trench in the north of Medina, [[Qur'an]] mentioned this event in [[Qur'an 2]]: 214, [[Qur'an 4]]: 51-55, and [[Qur'an 33]]: 9-25 | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''The Battle of Khandaq''' (Arabic: {{ia|غزوة الخندق}}, Battle of the Trench) or '''The Battle of Aḥzāb''' (Arabic: {{ia|غزوة الأحزاب}}, Battle of the Confederates) took place in the [[5|fifth]] year of [[Hijra]]/627. It initially broke out by the stratagem of [[Banu Nadir]] tribe. [[Quraysh]] tribe became united with all its allies, including [[polytheist]] Arab tribes, to eradicate Islam. The number of their soldiers was ten thousand, yet the Muslim army | '''The Battle of Khandaq''' (Arabic: {{ia|غزوة الخندق}}, Battle of the Trench) or '''The Battle of Aḥzāb''' (Arabic: {{ia|غزوة الأحزاب}}, Battle of the Confederates) took place in the [[5|fifth]] year of [[Hijra]]/627. It initially broke out by the stratagem of [[Banu Nadir]] tribe. [[Quraysh]] tribe became united with all its allies, including [[polytheist]] Arab tribes, to eradicate Islam. The number of their soldiers was ten thousand, yet the Muslim army had only three thousand soldiers. | ||
[[Banu Qurayza]] tribe had promised to be impartial in case of war; nevertheless, they violated the contract and became confederate with the unbelievers. To take up arms against the unbelievers, Muslims dug a trench around [[Medina]], an idea from [[Salman al-Farsi]]. The war terminated by Muslim's victory, and the army of polytheists had to withdraw. | [[Banu Qurayza]] tribe had promised to be impartial in case of war; nevertheless, they violated the contract and became confederate with the unbelievers. To take up arms against the unbelievers, Muslims dug a trench around [[Medina]], an idea from [[Salman al-Farsi]]. The war was terminated by Muslim's victory, and the army of polytheists had to withdraw. | ||
During the battle, [['Amr b. 'Abd Wudd]], eminent for his great valor and bravery, proceeded the trench along with some other warriors and threw down the challenge that who would dare to fight with him? | During the battle, [['Amr b. 'Abd Wudd]], eminent for his great valor and bravery, proceeded to the trench along with some other warriors and threw down the challenge that who would dare to fight with him? | ||
Muslims remained silent while they were overwhelmed with panic. Ultimately, [['Ali (a)]] volunteered and went for the challenge with the [[Prophet (s)]]'s consent. He succeeded in taking 'Amr's life. This had such a huge positive impact on Muslim's spirit that led to them triumphing over the enemy. "'Ali's stroke was superior to any jinn's or human's (thaqalayn) worship", said Prophet Muhammad (s). | Muslims remained silent while they were overwhelmed with panic. Ultimately, [['Ali (a)]] volunteered and went for the challenge with the [[Prophet (s)]]'s consent. He succeeded in taking 'Amr's life. This had such a huge positive impact on Muslim's spirit that led to them triumphing over the enemy. "'Ali's stroke was superior to any jinn's or human's (thaqalayn) worship", said Prophet Muhammad (s). | ||
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== Cause == | == Cause == | ||
Being exiled by the Prophet (s) owing to their disloyalty, [[Banu Nadir]] tribe went to [[Khaybar]] and instigated other [[Jew]]s to arrange a war against Muslims. This could be the chief cause of the war. After that, some Jews from Banu Nadir and [[Banu Wa'il]] such as; Huyayy b. Akhtab, Sallam b. Abi l-Huqayq, Kinana b. Rabi' b. Abi l-Huqayq, Hawdhat b. Qays al-Wa'ili, Abu 'Ammar al-Wa'ili,<ref>Wāqidī, ''Abu Āmir Rāhib''.</ref> went to [[Mecca]] and encouraged [[Abu Sufyan]] and [[Quraysh]] to begin a war against [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]]. Abu Sufyan accepted their plan with open arms, thus Jews and Quraysh | Being exiled by the Prophet (s) owing to their disloyalty, [[Banu Nadir]] tribe went to [[Khaybar]] and instigated other [[Jew]]s to arrange a war against Muslims. This could be the chief cause of the war. After that, some Jews from Banu Nadir and [[Banu Wa'il]] such as; Huyayy b. Akhtab, Sallam b. Abi l-Huqayq, Kinana b. Rabi' b. Abi l-Huqayq, Hawdhat b. Qays al-Wa'ili, Abu 'Ammar al-Wa'ili,<ref>Wāqidī, ''Abu Āmir Rāhib''.</ref> went to [[Mecca]] and encouraged [[Abu Sufyan]] and [[Quraysh]] to begin a war against [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]]. Abu Sufyan accepted their plan with open arms, thus Jews and Quraysh became unified.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 441-442; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 565; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 409.</ref> | ||
As following plans, Jews mentioned earlier met Ghatafan tribe, led by 'Uyayna b. Hisn al-Fazari. They persuaded them to participate in the war by promising to provide them with a one-year date product of [[Khaybar]] area.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 442-443; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 566.</ref> Then, they visited Banu Sulaym b. Mansur | As following plans, Jews mentioned earlier met the Ghatafan tribe, led by 'Uyayna b. Hisn al-Fazari. They persuaded them to participate in the war by promising to provide them with a one-year date product of [[Khaybar]] area.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 442-443; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 566.</ref> Then, they visited Banu Sulaym b. Mansur convinced them as well.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 409.</ref> | ||
== Numbers == | == Numbers == | ||
The unbelievers' army all together were ten thousand men.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 230; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 66.</ref> Four | The unbelievers' army all together were ten thousand men.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 230; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 66.</ref> Four thousand of them, along with three hundred horses and 1,500 camels,<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 443.</ref> were from the Quraysh tribe and its confederates. In some references, the number of them (Quraysh, Ghatafan, Banu Sulaym, Banu Asad, Banu Ashja', Banu Qurayza, Banu Nadir, and other Jews) is said to be twenty-four thousand.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''al-Tanbīh wa al-ishrāf'', p. 250.</ref> The unity of the [[unbeliever]]s and Jews in this war represents their determination to eliminate Islam. That is why when Imam 'Ali (a) confronted 'Amr b. 'Abd Wad, the Prophet (s) said: "The whole Islam has faced the whole polytheism". Some sources believe the number of Muslims was only three thousand.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 453; Masʿūdī, ''al-Tanbīh wa al-ishrāf'', p. 250; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 66; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 1, p. 570; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 50.</ref> | ||
== Suggestion of Digging the Trench== | == Suggestion of Digging the Trench== | ||
Being informed about polytheists' determination by a supporter from [[Khuza'a]] tribe, the [[Prophet (s)]] asked for people's opinions about whether to stay in [[Medina]] and fight there, or leave the city and confront the polytheists out of the city. "Whenever we were in danger by enemy's horsemen in [[Iran]], we dug a trench all around us", said [[Salman al-Farsi]]. Having been conquered in the [[Battle of Uhud]] due to their opposition | Being informed about polytheists' determination by a supporter from [[Khuza'a]] tribe, the [[Prophet (s)]] asked for people's opinions about whether to stay in [[Medina]] and fight there, or leave the city and confront the polytheists out of the city. "Whenever we were in danger by enemy's horsemen in [[Iran]], we dug a trench all around us", said [[Salman al-Farsi]]. Having been conquered in the [[Battle of Uhud]] due to their opposition to the Prophet's (s) opinion (and leaving the city), people chose to stay in town and accepted Salman's suggestion to dig a trench. Digging trench was not commonplace among 'Arabs up to that time, and it provoked amazement among both Muslims and the polytheists.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 445; Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 235; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 409-410.</ref> | ||
*'''Digging the Trench''' | *'''Digging the Trench''' | ||
The Prophet (s) ordered people to dig a trench before them, having [[Mount Sal']] behind.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 410.</ref> They had to start the job from Mudhad (a fort located in the West of [[Fath Mosque]]) and carry it on to Dhubab region and Mount Ratij (besides Mount Banu 'Ubayd, at the West of Bathan).<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 445.</ref> The Prophet (s) specified forty Dhira' (around twenty meters) for every ten people<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 568.</ref> and made each tribe responsible for digging each part.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 50.</ref> It is said that [[Immigrant]] (Muhajirun) were to dig the trench from Ratij to Dhubab, and [[Helpers]] (Ansar) had to do so from Dhubab to Mount Banu 'Ubayd.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 446; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 66.</ref> The Prophet (s) himself contributed to the work.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 66, 71; Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 226.</ref> He made doors for trench and the responsibility of guarding them lay with a person from each tribe.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 50.</ref> | The Prophet (s) ordered people to dig a trench before them, having [[Mount Sal']] behind.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 410.</ref> They had to start the job from Mudhad (a fort located in the West of [[Fath Mosque]]) and carry it on to Dhubab region and Mount Ratij (besides Mount Banu 'Ubayd, at the West of Bathan).<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 445.</ref> The Prophet (s) specified forty Dhira' (around twenty meters) for every ten people<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 568.</ref> and made each tribe responsible for digging each part.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 50.</ref> It is said that [[Immigrant]] (Muhajirun) were to dig the trench from Ratij to Dhubab, and [[Helpers]] (Ansar) had to do so from Dhubab to Mount Banu 'Ubayd.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 446; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 66.</ref> The Prophet (s) himself contributed to the work.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 66, 71; Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 226.</ref> He made doors for trench and the responsibility of guarding them lay with a person from each tribe.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 50.</ref> | ||
Muslims borrowed many implements such as | Muslims borrowed many implements such as spades, pickaxes, axes, and baskets from [[Banu Qurayza]], who were Prophet's (s) confederate at that time.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 445-446.</ref> Allah sent some verses to the Prophet (s) about the [[pious]] men who did not cease working without the Prophet's (s) approval, and also about [[hypocrite]]s who were not dedicated to work and abandoned the job to visit their families without Prophet's (s) permission.<ref>Qur'an 24:62-63; Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 226, 227; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, 566-567.</ref> | ||
While excavating the ground, Muslims came across an extremely impenetrable rock. The Prophet (s) struck it three times. By each sparkle out of each stroke, the prophet foretold the blessing news of Muslim's future conquests in [[Syria]], [[Yemen]], and [[Iran]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 230; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 568-569; Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī, ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa'', p. 432; Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 449-450.</ref> | While excavating the ground, Muslims came across an extremely impenetrable rock. The Prophet (s) struck it three times. By each sparkle out of each stroke, the prophet foretold the blessing news of Muslim's future conquests in [[Syria]], [[Yemen]], and [[Iran]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 230; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 568-569; Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī, ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa'', p. 432; Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 449-450.</ref> | ||
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== Domiciles of Muslims and the Polytheists== | == Domiciles of Muslims and the Polytheists== | ||
Confederations (al-Ahzab) comprising | Confederations (al-Ahzab) comprising three armies by the command of [[Abu Sufyan]] arrived in [[Medina]]. [[Quraysh]] along with some tribes (Ahabish) and their confederate tribes such as Kinana and Tihama were domiciled in Ruma, between Jurf and Zaghaba. And the Ghatafan tribe camped near [[Mount Uhud]] with their confederate tribes. The Prophet (s) and Muslims were domiciled at the foot of [[Mount Sal']], and brought the women and children to Qila'.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 66; Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> | ||
== Treachery of Banu Qurayza == | == Treachery of Banu Qurayza == | ||
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== Danger of Banu Qurayza == | == Danger of Banu Qurayza == | ||
When the danger of Banu Qurayza's night attack | When the danger of Banu Qurayza's night attack on the center of Medina intensified, the Prophet (s) made two groups of the [[companion]]s responsible for guarding Muslim's houses. Since Muslims' anxiety was more about Banu Qurayza attacks on women and children rather than about Quraysh attacks on themselves, they recited [[takbir]] until morning.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 460-468; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 67.</ref> | ||
Once at night, two groups of Muslims encountered each other, shooting one another unintentionally. | Once at night, two groups of Muslims encountered each other, shooting one another unintentionally. Afterward, they applied a secret slogan to avoid similar plausible incidents. The slogan was: Ha Mim, la yunsarun (means the enemy will not conquer).<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 474.</ref> | ||
== 'Ali's Battle with 'Amr b. 'Abd Wudd == | == 'Ali's Battle with 'Amr b. 'Abd Wudd == | ||
During the war, [['Amr b. 'Abd Wudd]], a luminary prominent for his great valor, considered as equal | During the war, [['Amr b. 'Abd Wudd]], a luminary prominent for his great valor, considered as equal to a thousand warriors in terms of being warlike and courageous, proceeded the narrow part of the trench along with some warriors. But they were impeded by [['Ali (a)]] and some other Muslims. Having been injured in the [[Battle of Badr]], thus being deprived of participating in the [[Battle of Uhud]], 'Amr was fresh enough to throw down the challenge and call for an opponent. | ||
Even though [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] volunteered to fight with him, the [[Prophet (s)]] did not allow him, hoping that someone else would stand against him. No one became a volunteer owing to their fear. As this condition lasted for quite a long time, 'Amr announced proudly that he got a sore throat because of constantly calling for a rival! | Even though [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] volunteered to fight with him, the [[Prophet (s)]] did not allow him, hoping that someone else would stand against him. No one became a volunteer owing to their fear. As this condition lasted for quite a long time, 'Amr announced proudly that he got a sore throat because of constantly calling for a rival! | ||
Ultimately, Imam 'Ali (a) got ready to begin the combat with the Prophet's (s) permission. The Prophet (s) put his 'imama (turban) on 'Ali's (a) head, gave his sword to him, and sent him to the battle. Ali (a) proceeded and told Amr either to become Muslim or to call off the combat. Amr refused both suggestions; therefore, a tough battle took place. 'Ali (a) warded Amr's stroke off | Ultimately, Imam 'Ali (a) got ready to begin the combat with the Prophet's (s) permission. The Prophet (s) put his 'imama (turban) on 'Ali's (a) head, gave his sword to him, and sent him to the battle. Ali (a) proceeded and told Amr either to become Muslim or to call off the combat. Amr refused both suggestions; therefore, a tough battle took place. 'Ali (a) warded Amr's stroke off with his shield, then took his life by a strong stroke, resulting in all his companion's escape. 'Ali (a) recited [[takbir]] right after his victory over 'Amr, then killed Nawfal b. 'Abd Allah, who was running away and was trapped while passing the trench.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 470-471; Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 234-237; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 573-574; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol.1, p. 98-109.</ref> | ||
=== Prophet's Hadiths about Ali's Superiority === | === Prophet's Hadiths about Ali's Superiority === | ||
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Aside from Ali's (a) combat with [['Amr b. 'Abd Wudd]], which resulted in the enemy's defeat and escape,<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balagha'', vol. 5, p. 7; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 105.</ref> historians have referred to three other factors assisting Muslims in the Battle of Khandaq. | Aside from Ali's (a) combat with [['Amr b. 'Abd Wudd]], which resulted in the enemy's defeat and escape,<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balagha'', vol. 5, p. 7; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 105.</ref> historians have referred to three other factors assisting Muslims in the Battle of Khandaq. | ||
* The important role of a person by the name of [[Nu'aym b. Mas'ud al-'Ashja'i]], a member of Ghatafan tribe who became Muslim secretly and none of the [[polytheist]]s knew about it. | * The important role of a person by the name of [[Nu'aym b. Mas'ud al-'Ashja'i]], a member of the Ghatafan tribe who became Muslim secretly and none of the [[polytheist]]s knew about it. | ||
Nu'aym met the Prophet (s) covertly. He told Nu'aym to undermine the enemy and to | Nu'aym met the Prophet (s) covertly. He told Nu'aym to undermine the enemy and to raise disputes among them. Nu'aym asked the Prophet (s) for permission to say whatever he wanted to achieve this goal. The Prophet (s) allowed him and said, "War is deceit". Nu'aym b. Mas'ud met [[Banu Qurayza]], whom he already had intercourse with. He recommended that they had better ask [[Quraysh]] and Ghatafan for hostages, on account that they had no worry about their houses being accessible, so they could easily leave Banu Qurayza alone. Then, he visited Quraysh and Ghatafan and informed them about Banu Qurayza's regret and disloyalty. He told them Banu Qurayza had decided to take a hostage from them, give the hostages up to Muhammad (s), and establish peace between themselves and Muslims. He recommended that they not give any hostages to Banu Qurayza. Consequently, disputes arose among them.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 480-482; Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 241-242; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 578-579.</ref> | ||
* As [[al-Waqidi]] narrates,<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 444.</ref> when the polytheists' army arrived in [[Medina]], there was no cultivation left, and people had already harvested their plantations a month before. As a result, the remaining fodder on the ground was not adequate for Quraysh and Ghatafan horses. Camels were about to die due to starvation and Medina ground was totally dry because of no rain. | * As [[al-Waqidi]] narrates,<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 444.</ref> when the polytheists' army arrived in [[Medina]], there was no cultivation left, and people had already harvested their plantations a month before. As a result, the remaining fodder on the ground was not adequate for Quraysh and Ghatafan's horses. Camels were about to die due to starvation and Medina ground was totally dry because of no rain. | ||
* [[Ibn Sa'd]]<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 73-74.</ref> has told about the Prophet's (s) [[Du'a|prayer]], its fulfillment, and divine assistance. The Prophet (s) prayed in a place later named | * [[Ibn Sa'd]]<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 73-74.</ref> has told about the Prophet's (s) [[Du'a|prayer]], its fulfillment, and divine assistance. The Prophet (s) prayed in a place later named [[al-Ahzab Mosque]], on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday: "O God! Make the confederates defeated and run away". Finally, his supplication was fulfilled on Wednesday between his Noon and Afternoon prayer. On a cold winter night, a terrible storm destroyed their belongings.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 3, p. 242-243; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 578-579; Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī, ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa'', p. 435-436.</ref> [[Qur'an]] has mentioned this divine help.<ref>"O you who have faith! Remember Allah's blessing upon you when the hosts came at you, and We sent against them a gale and hosts whom you did not see. And Allah sees best what you do." (Qur'an 33:9)</ref> | ||
=== Consequences === | === Consequences === | ||
Polytheists' defeat and withdrawal in the Battle of Khandaq paralyzed them so that they couldn't rearrange their army and devise another scheme for a fight. Moreover, it built up the newly | Polytheists' defeat and withdrawal in the Battle of Khandaq paralyzed them so that they couldn't rearrange their army and devise another scheme for a fight. Moreover, it built up the newly established Islamic government of Medina. After the death of 'Amr b. 'Abd Wudd by Ali (a) or after the polytheists' defeat which occurred two or three days after Amr's death, the Prophet of Islam (s) said: "We will make war against them afterward, and they will not go to war with us". The same as what the Prophet (s) said happened until God released [[Mecca]] by his Prophet (s).<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 105-106; Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 184; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balagha'', vol. 19, p. 62.</ref> | ||
== Statistics == | == Statistics == | ||
The blockade of Muslims | The blockade of Muslims lasted for fifteen days.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 440; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 412; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 73 (24 days); Ibn Ḥabīb, ''al-Muḥabbar'', p. 113, (20-21 days); Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 572, (around one month)</ref> Except for the siege and shooting, no fighting took place during this period.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 572.</ref> The Prophet (s) had selected Ibn Maktum as his stand-in in Medina.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 441.</ref> | ||
Muslims had six martyrs during this war, and eight people of polytheists were killed.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 495-496; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 51.</ref> The [[Quran 2]]:214 <ref>Do you suppose that you shall enter paradise though there has not yet come to you the like of [what befell] those who went before you? Stress and distress befell them and they were convulsed until the apostle and the faithful who were with him said, ‘When will Allah’s help [come]?’ Look! Allah’s help is indeed near!</ref>, [[Qur'an 4]]:51-55, [[Qur'an 33]]:9-25 point to Battle of Khandaq.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 494-495; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 565.</ref> | Muslims had six martyrs during this war, and eight people of polytheists were killed.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 495-496; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 51.</ref> The [[Quran 2]]:214 <ref>Do you suppose that you shall enter paradise though there has not yet come to you the like of [what befell] those who went before you? Stress and distress befell them and they were convulsed until the apostle and the faithful who were with him said, ‘When will Allah’s help [come]?’ Look! Allah’s help is indeed near!</ref>, [[Qur'an 4]]:51-55, [[Qur'an 33]]:9-25 point to the Battle of Khandaq.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 494-495; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 565.</ref> | ||
== Constructions of Some Mosques at War Place == | == Constructions of Some Mosques at War Place == | ||
On Mount Dhubab (well-known as Jabal al-Raya), about 1400 meters away from the Northwest of [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] and 150 meters far from the North of Mount Sal', there is a mosque | On Mount Dhubab (well-known as Jabal al-Raya), about 1400 meters away from the Northwest of [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] and 150 meters far from the North of Mount Sal', there is a mosque that recently was renewed and repaired, so-called as Masjid al-Raya.<ref>ʿAbd al-Ghanī, ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara'', p. 94; Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, ''Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād'', vol. 3, p. 277.</ref> It is the area where the [[Prophet (s)]] supervised digging the trench from, had put up his tent, and said prayers. | ||
Other mosques by the names of [[Masjid al-Fath]] (also known as Masjid al-Ahzab or Masjid al-A'la) were built on Mount Sal' around seven hundred meters away al-Masjid al-Nabawi, where the Prophet's (s) tent had been put up, a place in which he said prayers, monitored everything and received God's blessing promise of victory over the polytheists.{{enote|Certainly Allah has fulfilled His Apostle’s vision in all truth: You will surely enter the Sacred Mosque, God willing, in safety and without any fear, with your heads shaven or hair cropped. So He knew what you did not know, and He assigned [you] besides that a victory near at hand. Qur'an 48:27}} This mosque along with some other mosques on the foot of Mount Sal' | Other mosques by the names of [[Masjid al-Fath]] (also known as Masjid al-Ahzab or Masjid al-A'la) were built on Mount Sal' around seven hundred meters away al-Masjid al-Nabawi, where the Prophet's (s) tent had been put up, a place in which he said prayers, monitored everything and received God's blessing promise of victory over the polytheists.{{enote|Certainly Allah has fulfilled His Apostle’s vision in all truth: You will surely enter the Sacred Mosque, God willing, in safety and without any fear, with your heads shaven or hair cropped. So He knew what you did not know, and He assigned [you] besides that a victory near at hand. Qur'an 48:27}} This mosque along with some other mosques on the foot of Mount Sal' is famous as Masajid al-Fath or [[al-Masajid al-Sab'a]] (the seven mosques). <ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 454, 466, 488; Samhudī, ''Wafāʾ al-wafā'', vol. 3, p. 830-838; ʿAbd al-Ghanī, ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara'', p. 98-100.</ref>In 1424/2003-4, a very large mosque named Masjid al-Khandaq was constructed, having some of the seven mosques inside. | ||
[[Mosque of Fatima al-Zahra (a) (Medina)|Mosque of Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] is one of the seven mosques. Unfortunately, it has been shut off by some cement blocks for a long time.<ref>[https://www.farsnews.ir/news/13920512001025/سرنوشت-غم%E2%80%8Cانگیز-مسجد-حضرت-زهرا-س-در-مدینه-تصاویر Dismal story of Masjid Fatima al-Zahra in Medina (Persian)]</ref> | [[Mosque of Fatima al-Zahra (a) (Medina)|Mosque of Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] is one of the seven mosques. Unfortunately, it has been shut off by some cement blocks for a long time.<ref>[https://www.farsnews.ir/news/13920512001025/سرنوشت-غم%E2%80%8Cانگیز-مسجد-حضرت-زهرا-س-در-مدینه-تصاویر Dismal story of Masjid Fatima al-Zahra in Medina (Persian)]</ref> | ||