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Zaydiyya: Difference between revisions
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==Uprising of Zayd b. 'Ali== | ==Uprising of Zayd b. 'Ali== | ||
{{main|Uprising of Zayd b. 'Ali}} | {{main|Uprising of Zayd b. 'Ali}} | ||
When fifteen thousand men paid allegiance to Zayd in [[Kufa]] —and so did many others in [[Basra]], [[Mada'in]], and [[Khurasan]]— Zayd made his decision to rise up against Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik, the [[Umayyad]] [[caliph]]. Zayd's supporters were not yet organized, when the governor of [[Iraq]] attacked Zayd's hiding place. As a result, Zayd was forced to start his uprising sooner than planned in 122/ | When fifteen thousand men paid allegiance to Zayd in [[Kufa]] —and so did many others in [[Basra]], [[Mada'in]], and [[Khurasan]]— Zayd made his decision to rise up against Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik, the [[Umayyad]] [[caliph]]. Zayd's supporters were not yet organized, when the governor of [[Iraq]] attacked Zayd's hiding place. As a result, Zayd was forced to start his uprising sooner than planned in 122/730 with a small army of two-hundred men; an uprising that was suppressed and resulted in Zayd's martyrdom in [[Muharram]] 24 or 25/December 30 or 31. | ||
==Zaydi Sects== | ==Zaydi Sects== | ||
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===Uprising of 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan and His Sons=== | ===Uprising of 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan and His Sons=== | ||
In 145/762 | In 145/762 (towards the end of al-Mansur's reign), two revolts were conducted in [[Medina]] and [[Basra]], one by Muhammad and the other by [[Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah al-Mahd|Ibrahim]], the sons of [['Abd Allah b. al-Hasan al-Muthanna|'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan]]. During the lifetime of Zayd, 'Abd Allah did not support him, but when Zayd was killed, he adopted Zayd's ideology and became the leader of the revolts of his sons. | ||
===Uprising of Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah al-Mahd=== | ===Uprising of Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah al-Mahd=== | ||
{{main|Uprising of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya}} | {{main|Uprising of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya}} | ||
Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan, also known as [[al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]] (the Pure Soul), was regarded by some people as the Mahdi. Before the victory of [[Abbasid]] revolution, [[al-Mansur al-'Abbasi|al-Mansur]] and al-Saffah paid allegiance to him and were of his missionaries. Muhammad's revolt took place in 145/762- | Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan, also known as [[al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]] (the Pure Soul), was regarded by some people as the Mahdi. Before the victory of [[Abbasid]] revolution, [[al-Mansur al-'Abbasi|al-Mansur]] and al-Saffah paid allegiance to him and were of his missionaries. Muhammad's revolt took place in 145/762-3 in Medina, where he was called Amir al-Mu'minin (the Commander of the Faithful). When al-Mansur became the [[caliph]], he wrote Muhammad letters, threatening him but at the same time giving him safety if he ended his revolt. Muhammad disregarded al-Mansur's letters, so the latter send an army to Medina. In the battle that took place there, Muhammad's revolt was suppressed and Muhammad himself was killed; his head was circulated in [[Kufa]] and then taken to the caliph. | ||
===Uprising of Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah=== | ===Uprising of Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah=== | ||
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===Uprising of Idris b. 'Abd Allah=== | ===Uprising of Idris b. 'Abd Allah=== | ||
{{main|Idrisid Dynasty}} | {{main|Idrisid Dynasty}} | ||
Idris was another survivor of the massacre of Fakhkh, who went to [[Egypt]] in 172/788 | Idris was another survivor of the massacre of Fakhkh, who went to [[Egypt]] in 172/788 and from there to [[Morocco]], where he called people to support the Zaydiyya. He was able to attract the support of the local tribes and establish the Idrisid dynasty, whose territory extended from Kairouan to the Atlantic Ocean. The Idrisid rule lasted from 172/788 until 375/985. | ||
===Uprising of Abu l-Saraya=== | ===Uprising of Abu l-Saraya=== | ||
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The [[Idrisid dynasty]] was the first Zaydi dynasty in [[Morocco]], established in 172/788 by Idris b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan b. al-Hasan b. Ali (a), the brother of Muhammad [[al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]]. | The [[Idrisid dynasty]] was the first Zaydi dynasty in [[Morocco]], established in 172/788 by Idris b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan b. al-Hasan b. Ali (a), the brother of Muhammad [[al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]]. | ||
The Idrisid rule in Morocco lasted as an independent dynasty until 305/917, when the [[Fatimid dynasty]] appeared in Egypt and so the Idrisids had no choice but to accept their rule. Thus, the Idrisids ruled in [[Fez]] under the authority of the Fatimids until 375/985 | The Idrisid rule in Morocco lasted as an independent dynasty until 305/917, when the [[Fatimid dynasty]] appeared in Egypt and so the Idrisids had no choice but to accept their rule. Thus, the Idrisids ruled in [[Fez]] under the authority of the Fatimids until 375/985. Afterwards, the Idrisid dynasty came to an end, and consequently the Zaydiyya gradually disappeared from North Africa. | ||
===Yemen=== | ===Yemen=== | ||
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Zaydi rule in Yemen witnessed four periods of great power: | Zaydi rule in Yemen witnessed four periods of great power: | ||
* From the time of al-Hadi ila al-haqq in 284/897 until the second half of the 4th/10th century at the time of [[al-Mansur bi Allah]], al-Qasim b. Ali al-'Iyani, a descendant of al-Qasim al-Rassi. This period came to an end by the beginning of the 5th/11th century when [[Isma'ili]] Sulayhids repeatedly defeated Zaydi Imams, resulting in a period of decline which lasted until the end of the 6th/11th century. | * From the time of al-Hadi ila al-haqq in 284/897 until the second half of the 4th/10th century at the time of [[al-Mansur bi Allah]], al-Qasim b. Ali al-'Iyani, a descendant of al-Qasim al-Rassi. This period came to an end by the beginning of the 5th/11th century when [[Isma'ili]] Sulayhids repeatedly defeated Zaydi Imams, resulting in a period of decline which lasted until the end of the 6th/11th century. | ||
* The second period started in the late sixth century AH by 'Abd Allah b. Hamza and lasted until the 11th/17th century when Isma'il al-Mutawakkil 'ala Allah (d. 566/ | * The second period started in the late sixth century AH by 'Abd Allah b. Hamza and lasted until the 11th/17th century when Isma'il al-Mutawakkil 'ala Allah (d. 566/1171) was the Imam. | ||
* The third period of this government began with the conquest of Yemen by Ottomans. In this period, Mansur Billah Qasim b. Muahammad b. Ali (a descendant of Hadi Ila l-Haqq) took the leadership of Zaydis and entered the war with Ottomans. He took Yemen from them and returned its government to Zaydis. After him, his children Mu'ayyid Billah (d. 1054 | * The third period of this government began with the conquest of Yemen by Ottomans. In this period, Mansur Billah Qasim b. Muahammad b. Ali (a descendant of Hadi Ila l-Haqq) took the leadership of Zaydis and entered the war with Ottomans. He took Yemen from them and returned its government to Zaydis. After him, his children Mu'ayyid Billah (d. 1054/1644-5) and Mutawakkil 'Ala Allah Isma'il (d. 1087/1676-7) continued his way, but in this period, Zaydis had internal weakness and disputes which led to return of Ottomans and occupation of Yekmen toward the end of 13th/19th century. | ||
* The forth period started with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1377/1918, when Yahya b. Muhammad Hamid al-Din was the Zaydi Imam of Yemen. | * The forth period started with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1377/1918, when Yahya b. Muhammad Hamid al-Din was the Zaydi Imam of Yemen. | ||
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===Iran=== | ===Iran=== | ||
Zaydi Rule in [[Iran]] was established in Tabaristan and Daylaman, allegedly by [[al-Hasan b. Zayd b. Isma'il]], also known as al-Da'i al-Kabir. This rule lasted until 316 | Zaydi Rule in [[Iran]] was established in Tabaristan and Daylaman, allegedly by [[al-Hasan b. Zayd b. Isma'il]], also known as al-Da'i al-Kabir. This rule lasted until 316/928. | ||
'''In Northern Iran''' | '''In Northern Iran''' | ||
{{main|Alids (Tabaristan)}} | {{main|Alids (Tabaristan)}} | ||
According to some reports, Zaydis entered Iran in early 2nd century AH (8th Century CE) and their first uprising was that of [[Yahya b. Zayd]] who revolted against the [[Umayyads]] in [[Sabziwar]] and was killed in | According to some reports, Zaydis entered Iran in early 2nd century AH (8th Century CE) and their first uprising was that of [[Yahya b. Zayd]] who revolted against the [[Umayyads]] in [[Sabziwar]] and was killed in 125/743. The people of Sabziwar named all their children Yahya to show their sympathy and support for him. | ||
After him, Yahya b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan came to [[Iran]] and secretly settled in [[Daylam]] and called people to support his [[Imamate]] and was able to gain supporters. However, his uprising failed as Fadl b. Yahya al-Barmaki, the commander of Harun al-Rashid's army, was able to make Yahya's supporters leave him by threatening or bribing them. As a result, Yahya had to make peace with Fadl and return to [[Baghdad]], where he was sent to jail. Yahya passed away there in | After him, Yahya b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan came to [[Iran]] and secretly settled in [[Daylam]] and called people to support his [[Imamate]] and was able to gain supporters. However, his uprising failed as Fadl b. Yahya al-Barmaki, the commander of Harun al-Rashid's army, was able to make Yahya's supporters leave him by threatening or bribing them. As a result, Yahya had to make peace with Fadl and return to [[Baghdad]], where he was sent to jail. Yahya passed away there in 176/792-3. | ||
Although Zaydis were not able to gain a firm footing in Iran until the 3rd/9th century, their activities led to the promotion of Zaydism in Iran in the 3rd/9th and afterwards. | Although Zaydis were not able to gain a firm footing in Iran until the 3rd/9th century, their activities led to the promotion of Zaydism in Iran in the 3rd/9th and afterwards. | ||
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'''Al-Da'i al-Kabir''' | '''Al-Da'i al-Kabir''' | ||
{{main|Hasan b. Zayd b. Muhammad}} | {{main|Hasan b. Zayd b. Muhammad}} | ||
When the people of Tabaristan invited al-Da'i al-Kabir, he went there from [[Rey]] in 250/864- | When the people of Tabaristan invited al-Da'i al-Kabir, he went there from [[Rey]] in 250/864-5 and the people paid allegiance to him. After defeating the [[Tahirid]] governor, he entered [[Amol]] and ruled there for twenty years. | ||
When al-Da'i al-Kabir passed away, his brother Muhammad b. Zayd, called [[al-Da'i al-Saghir]], became the ruler of Tabaristan. His reign lasted seventeen years until he was killed in a battle with the Samanids in 287/900. After this defeat, Tabaristan came under Samanid rule. | When al-Da'i al-Kabir passed away, his brother Muhammad b. Zayd, called [[al-Da'i al-Saghir]], became the ruler of Tabaristan. His reign lasted seventeen years until he was killed in a battle with the Samanids in 287/900. After this defeat, Tabaristan came under Samanid rule. | ||
'''Nasir Utrush''' | '''Nasir Utrush''' | ||
{{main|Hasan Utrush}} | {{main|Hasan Utrush}} | ||
Thirteen years later, Hasan b. Ali b. al-Hasan, also known as Nasir Utrush or Nasir al-Kabir, was able to retake Tabaristan from the Samanids and enter Amol in 301/ | Thirteen years later, Hasan b. Ali b. al-Hasan, also known as Nasir Utrush or Nasir al-Kabir, was able to retake Tabaristan from the Samanids and enter Amol in 301/914. Nasir Utrush is one of the Zaydi Imams who produced many works. Unlike other Zaydi Imams who were more influenced by the [[Mu'tazila]], he was more inclined to the [[Imamiyya]]. | ||
After Nasir Utrush and the twelve-year long reign of his cousin al-Hasan b. al-Qasim, the Alid rule in Iran was dissolved and the Shi'a dynasty of [[Buyids]] was established. During the Buyid period, some Zaydi Imams were able to establish temporary, local rules in Iran. | After Nasir Utrush and the twelve-year long reign of his cousin al-Hasan b. al-Qasim, the Alid rule in Iran was dissolved and the Shi'a dynasty of [[Buyids]] was established. During the Buyid period, some Zaydi Imams were able to establish temporary, local rules in Iran. | ||
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From the 4th/10th century onwards, Zaydis were greatly supported and respected by the Buyids, such that, according to some historians, Zaydi Imams reached the zenith of their power and had Tabaristan, Daylam, [[Gilan]], and Gorgan under their control. An important development in Zaydi history in this period was the increase of intra-faith scholarly debates and conflicts. | From the 4th/10th century onwards, Zaydis were greatly supported and respected by the Buyids, such that, according to some historians, Zaydi Imams reached the zenith of their power and had Tabaristan, Daylam, [[Gilan]], and Gorgan under their control. An important development in Zaydi history in this period was the increase of intra-faith scholarly debates and conflicts. | ||
There is no report as to Zaydi revolts in Northern Iran between 6th and 8th centuries (12th-14th century CE). However, in 776 | There is no report as to Zaydi revolts in Northern Iran between 6th and 8th centuries (12th-14th century CE). However, in 776/1374-5, the allegedly Zaydi dynasty of Al Kiya was established in Gilan by Sayyid Ali b. Sayyid Amir Kiya. | ||
'''Dominance of Imamiyya in Iran''' | '''Dominance of Imamiyya in Iran''' | ||
In the [[Safavid]] period, Shah Tahmasp defeated Khan Ahmad Gilani, the last ruler of the Al Kiya dynasty. According to some historians Khan Ahmad left Zaydism in 960 | In the [[Safavid]] period, Shah Tahmasp defeated Khan Ahmad Gilani, the last ruler of the Al Kiya dynasty. According to some historians Khan Ahmad left Zaydism in 960/1553, and as a result the people of Northern Iran converted to [[Twelver Shiism]]. | ||
==Nowadays== | ==Nowadays== | ||
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===Intellectual Current=== | ===Intellectual Current=== | ||
The development of the Zaydi intellectual current in Yemen can be traced back to the revolution of | The development of the Zaydi intellectual current in Yemen can be traced back to the revolution of 1948 against the government of Yahya Hamid al-Din, the last leader of the Zaydi rule. This current believed that the election of the Imam has to be conducted by all people. They believed that the government has to have four branches: executive branch consisting of the Zaydi Imam and his officials, parliament, judiciary branch, and religious scholars. The family of Al Wazir is the leader of the intellectual current. After the revolution of 1962, while rejecting the Western model of government, they supported establishing an Islamic government based on their proposed model. | ||
Demoting the belief in the designation of [[Imam Ali (a)]] as the successor of the [[Prophet (s)]], this Zaydi current has interpreted [[Hadith al-Ghadir]] as calling people to love Imam Ali (s). They question the authenticity of the Prophetic hadith "The Imams are from [[Quraysh]]," and regard it as an Umayyad invention. They believe that the Imam has to be elected by the people, and his being a descendant of [[Lady Fatima (a)]] is only an idea emphasized by Qasim al-Rassi (d. 246 | Demoting the belief in the designation of [[Imam Ali (a)]] as the successor of the [[Prophet (s)]], this Zaydi current has interpreted [[Hadith al-Ghadir]] as calling people to love Imam Ali (s). They question the authenticity of the Prophetic hadith "The Imams are from [[Quraysh]]," and regard it as an Umayyad invention. They believe that the Imam has to be elected by the people, and his being a descendant of [[Lady Fatima (a)]] is only an idea emphasized by Qasim al-Rassi (d. 246/860-1) and not a fundamental principle. Al Wazir's idea of government is very close to Western democracy. | ||
===Secular Current=== | ===Secular Current=== | ||