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Imams of the Shi'a: Difference between revisions
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=== Imam al-Baqir (a) === | === Imam al-Baqir (a) === | ||
{{main|Imam al-Baqir (a)}} | {{main|Imam al-Baqir (a)}} | ||
Imam Muhammad b. 'Ali (a), known as "Baqir al-'Ulum". This is a title the [[Prophet (s)]] had given him. Imam al-Baqir (a) was born in 57/733 and was four years old in the [[Battle of Karbala]]. After his great father, he (a) became the [[imam]] following the command of [[God]] and as his forefathers had mentioned. He (a) was [[martyr]]ed in 114/733 | Imam Muhammad b. 'Ali (a), known as "Baqir al-'Ulum". This is a title the [[Prophet (s)]] had given him. Imam al-Baqir (a) was born in 57/733 and was four years old in the [[Battle of Karbala]]. After his great father, he (a) became the [[imam]] following the command of [[God]] and as his forefathers had mentioned. He (a) was [[martyr]]ed in 114/733. According to some [[hadith]]s from Shi'a, the Imam (a) was poisoned by [[Ibarahim b. Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik]], the nephew of Hisham, the Umayyad [[caliph]].<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 217</ref> | ||
At the time of the fifth Imam (a), there were frequent fights and revolts due to oppressions of the [[Umayyads]] and these challenges kept the government busy and away from annoying the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. On the other hand, the occurrence of the Battle of Karbala and that the Ahl al-Bayt (a) were oppressed, made [[Muslim]]s attracted to them and brought the Imam (a) such good opportunities to distribute Islamic teachings of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) that none of the Imams (a) had in the past and this is proved by the many hadiths narrated from him.<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 217-218</ref> | At the time of the fifth Imam (a), there were frequent fights and revolts due to oppressions of the [[Umayyads]] and these challenges kept the government busy and away from annoying the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. On the other hand, the occurrence of the Battle of Karbala and that the Ahl al-Bayt (a) were oppressed, made [[Muslim]]s attracted to them and brought the Imam (a) such good opportunities to distribute Islamic teachings of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) that none of the Imams (a) had in the past and this is proved by the many hadiths narrated from him.<ref>Tabataba'i, ''Shi'a dar Islam'', p. 217-218</ref> | ||
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===Shiite Books=== | ===Shiite Books=== | ||
Among the books written by Shiite writers on the Imams and their virtues are the following: | Among the books written by Shiite writers on the Imams and their virtues are the following: | ||
* ''[[Dala'il al-imama (book)|Dalaʾil al-imama]]'', written in Arabic and attributed to [[Muhammad b. Jarir al-Tabari al-Saghir]] (d. 310/922) on the life, miracles, and virtues of [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] and the Imams (a). | * ''[[Dala'il al-imama (book)|Dalaʾil al-imama]]'', written in Arabic and attributed to [[Muhammad b. Jarir al-Tabari al-Saghir]] (d. 310/922-3) on the life, miracles, and virtues of [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]] and the Imams (a). | ||
* ''[[Al-Irshad fi ma'rifat hujaj Allah 'ala al-'ibad]]'', a theological and historical work in Arabic, written by [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] (d. [[413 AH|413]]/1022). This book relates the biography and virtues of the Imams (a) on the basis of hadiths. | * ''[[Al-Irshad fi ma'rifat hujaj Allah 'ala al-'ibad]]'', a theological and historical work in Arabic, written by [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] (d. [[413 AH|413]]/1022). This book relates the biography and virtues of the Imams (a) on the basis of hadiths. | ||
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* ''[[Manaqib al Abi Talib]]'', an Arabic book on the virtues of the Fourteen Infallibles by [[Ibn Shahrashub Mazandarani]] (d. 588/1192). | * ''[[Manaqib al Abi Talib]]'', an Arabic book on the virtues of the Fourteen Infallibles by [[Ibn Shahrashub Mazandarani]] (d. 588/1192). | ||
* ''[[I'lam al-wara bi-a'lam al-huda]]'', a book in Arabic by [[Fadl b. al-Hasan al-Tabrisi]] (d. 548/1153) on the life of the Prophet (s) and the Imams (a). | * ''[[I'lam al-wara bi-a'lam al-huda]]'', a book in Arabic by [[Fadl b. al-Hasan al-Tabrisi]] (d. 548/1153-4) on the life of the Prophet (s) and the Imams (a). | ||
* ''[[Kashf al-ghumma fi ma'rifat al-a'imma]]'', an Arabic book on the biography, virtues, and miracles of the [[Fourteen Infallibles]], written by [[Ali b. Isa al-Irbili]] (d. 692/1293). | * ''[[Kashf al-ghumma fi ma'rifat al-a'imma]]'', an Arabic book on the biography, virtues, and miracles of the [[Fourteen Infallibles]], written by [[Ali b. Isa al-Irbili]] (d. 692/1293-4). | ||
* ''[[Rawdat al-wa'izin wa basirat al-mutta'izin]]'', by [[al-Fattal al-Neyshaburi]] (d. 508/1114) on the history of the Prophet (s) and the Ahl al-Bayt (a). | * ''[[Rawdat al-wa'izin wa basirat al-mutta'izin]]'', by [[al-Fattal al-Neyshaburi]] (d. 508/1114-5) on the history of the Prophet (s) and the Ahl al-Bayt (a). | ||
* ''[[Jala' al-'uyun (book)|Jala' al-'uyun]]'', a Farsi book written by [[al-Allama al-Majlisi]] (1110/ | * ''[[Jala' al-'uyun (book)|Jala' al-'uyun]]'', a Farsi book written by [[al-Allama al-Majlisi]] (1110/1699) on the life of the Fourteen Infallibles. | ||
* ''[[Muntaha l-amal (book)|Muntaha al-amal fi tawarikh al-Nabi wa al-al]]'', by [[Shaykh Abbas Qummi]] (d. 1359/ | * ''[[Muntaha l-amal (book)|Muntaha al-amal fi tawarikh al-Nabi wa al-al]]'', by [[Shaykh Abbas Qummi]] (d. 1359/1941) which provides a detailed account of the life of the Fourteen Infallibles. | ||
==Sunni References== | ==Sunni References== | ||
In addition to what was mentioned above, [[Sunni]]s have always remembered the Imams (a) with great respect and dignity and this respect sometimes made an inspiration for writing books regarding their merits. | In addition to what was mentioned above, [[Sunni]]s have always remembered the Imams (a) with great respect and dignity and this respect sometimes made an inspiration for writing books regarding their merits. | ||
The books written by Sunnis about the merits of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] are not few. One of the inspirational movement for writers was an ode composed by [[Abu l-Fadl Yahya b. Salama al-Haskafi]] ( | The books written by Sunnis about the merits of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] are not few. One of the inspirational movement for writers was an ode composed by [[Abu l-Fadl Yahya b. Salama al-Haskafi]] (d. 551/1156 or 553/1158) in which he has praised every one of the Imams (a).<ref>Sibt b. al-Jawzi, ''Tadhkirat al-khawas'', p. 365-367; Ibn Tulun, ''al-A'imma al-ithna 'ashar'', p. 40-43</ref> | ||
The following are some of the books written about the merits of Imams (a) by Sunnis: | The following are some of the books written about the merits of Imams (a) by Sunnis: | ||
# ''[[Matalib al-sa'ul fi manaqib Al al-Rasul (a)]]'' written by Kamal al-Din b. Talha al-Shafi'i ( | # ''[[Matalib al-sa'ul fi manaqib Al al-Rasul (a)]]'' written by Kamal al-Din b. Talha al-Shafi'i (d. 652/1254), published in [[Najaf]] by Dar al-Kutub al-Tijariyya. | ||
# ''[[Tadhkirat al-khawas min al-umma fi dhikr khasa'is al-A'imma (book)|Tadhkirat al-khawas min al-umma fi dhikr khasa'is al-A'imma]]'' written by the [[Hanafite]] scholar Yusuf b. Qazawaghli Sibt b. al-Jawzi ( | # ''[[Tadhkirat al-khawas min al-umma fi dhikr khasa'is al-A'imma (book)|Tadhkirat al-khawas min al-umma fi dhikr khasa'is al-A'imma]]'' written by the [[Hanafite]] scholar Yusuf b. Qazawaghli Sibt b. al-Jawzi (d. 654/1256), frequently published including in Najaf 1369/1949. | ||
# ''[[Al-Fusul al-muhimma fi ma'rifat al-a'imma]]'' written by Ibn Sabbagh al-Maliki (d. 855/1451) which has been frequently published including in Najaf by Dar al-Kutub al-Tijariyya, and its many issues in libraries of the Islamic world show its wide circulation in different centuries. In his work, Ibn Sabbagh has frequently quoted from Shi'a sources such as [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]]'s ''[[al-Irshad]]'' (pp. 192/807, 213/828, etc. ) | # ''[[Al-Fusul al-muhimma fi ma'rifat al-a'imma]]'' written by Ibn Sabbagh al-Maliki (d. 855/1451) which has been frequently published including in Najaf by Dar al-Kutub al-Tijariyya, and its many issues in libraries of the Islamic world show its wide circulation in different centuries. In his work, Ibn Sabbagh has frequently quoted from Shi'a sources such as [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]]'s ''[[al-Irshad]]'' (pp. 192/807, 213/828, etc. ) | ||
# ''Al-Shadharat al-Dhahabiyya'' or ''al-A'immat al-ithna 'ashar'' written by Shams al-Din b. Tulun, a Hanafite scholar from [[Damascus]] (d. 953/1546), published in Beirut in 1377/1958 through the efforts of Salah al-Din al-Munjid. | # ''Al-Shadharat al-Dhahabiyya'' or ''al-A'immat al-ithna 'ashar'' written by Shams al-Din b. Tulun, a Hanafite scholar from [[Damascus]] (d. 953/1546), published in Beirut in 1377/1958 through the efforts of Salah al-Din al-Munjid. | ||
# ''[[Al-Ithaf bi-hubb al-ashraf]]'' written by 'Abd Allah b. 'Amir al-Shibrawi, the Shafiite scholar from Egypt (d. 1172/ | # ''[[Al-Ithaf bi-hubb al-ashraf]]'' written by 'Abd Allah b. 'Amir al-Shibrawi, the Shafiite scholar from Egypt (d. 1172/1758) published in Cairo in 1313/1895. | ||
# ''[[Nur al-absar fi manaqib Al Bayt al-Nabi al-mukhtar (book)|Nur al-absar fi manaqib Al Bayt al-Nabi al-mukhtar]]'' written by Sayyid Mu'min al-Shablanji (d. after 1290/1873) frequently published including in Cairo in 1346/1927. | # ''[[Nur al-absar fi manaqib Al Bayt al-Nabi al-mukhtar (book)|Nur al-absar fi manaqib Al Bayt al-Nabi al-mukhtar]]'' written by Sayyid Mu'min al-Shablanji (d. after 1290/1873) frequently published including in Cairo in 1346/1927. | ||
# ''[[Yanabi' al-mawadda]]'' written by Sulayman b. Ibrahim al-Qunduzi, the Hanafite scholar (d. 1294/1877) published in Istanbul in 1302/1885. | # ''[[Yanabi' al-mawadda]]'' written by Sulayman b. Ibrahim al-Qunduzi, the Hanafite scholar (d. 1294/1877) published in Istanbul in 1302/1885. | ||