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Ray is called Raga in Behistun Inscription which is left from Darius time.<ref>Malikī Mīyānajī, ''Jughrāfīyā-yi Ray'', p. 66, Quoted from ''Ray-i bāstān'', vol. 1, p. 98.</ref> It was called Muhammadiyya in the time of [[Abbasid]] [[caliph]]s, as [[Muhammad al-'Abbasi|Muhammad]] or [[Mahdi al-'Abbasi|Mahdi]], the Abbasid caliph was living in Ray in the time of his Crown Princeship; he rebuilt the city. However, later the city was called Ray again.<ref>Malikī Mīyānajī, ''Jughrāfīyā-yi Ray'', p. 65, Quoted from ''Juqhrāfīyā-yi sarzamīnhā-yi khalāfat-i sharqī'', p. 231.</ref> | Ray is called Raga in Behistun Inscription which is left from Darius time.<ref>Malikī Mīyānajī, ''Jughrāfīyā-yi Ray'', p. 66, Quoted from ''Ray-i bāstān'', vol. 1, p. 98.</ref> It was called Muhammadiyya in the time of [[Abbasid]] [[caliph]]s, as [[Muhammad al-'Abbasi|Muhammad]] or [[Mahdi al-'Abbasi|Mahdi]], the Abbasid caliph was living in Ray in the time of his Crown Princeship; he rebuilt the city. However, later the city was called Ray again.<ref>Malikī Mīyānajī, ''Jughrāfīyā-yi Ray'', p. 65, Quoted from ''Juqhrāfīyā-yi sarzamīnhā-yi khalāfat-i sharqī'', p. 231.</ref> | ||
A large number of world travelers and historians from different historical periods have written about Ray including: [[Ibn Faqih]] in | A large number of world travelers and historians from different historical periods have written about Ray including: [[Ibn Faqih]] in the third/nineth century who called Ray the bride city on earth and a link between [[Khorasan]] and [[Gorgan]] and [[Iraq]] and [[Tabarestan]]<ref>Malikī Mīyānajī, ''Jughrāfīyā-yi Ray'', p. 84, Quoted from ''Mukhtaṣar-i Kitāb al-Buldān'', p. 270.</ref>; Ahmad b. Jayhani in fifth/twelfth century who said there was no bigger city than Ray from Iraq to [[Nishabur]]<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 39.</ref>; Hamd Allah al-Mustawfi in the eighth/fourteenth century in his book ''Nihza al-qulub'' has called Ray as Umm al-Bilad (the mother of cities) of Iran and also Shaykh al-Bilad (the noble city) of Iran regarding its history.<ref>Malikī Mīyānajī, ''Jughrāfīyā-yi Ray'', p. 88; Quoted from ''Nazhat al-qulūb'', p. 52.</ref> | ||
Ray is part of Tehran province in Iran. According to Statistical Center of Iran in 2011 Ray's population was over 300 thousand with over 100 thousand city dwellers. | Ray is part of Tehran province in Iran. According to Statistical Center of Iran in 2011 Ray's population was over 300 thousand with over 100 thousand city dwellers. | ||
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In the 4th/10th century, Abbasids gradually lost their grip on Ray and Buyids took over the city<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 34.</ref>. Rukn al-Dawla and Baha' al-Dawla, the Buyid kings, ordered to repair the buildings of the city.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 35.</ref> Based on historical sources, Sahib b. 'Abbad built a grand library in the city which contained books carried by four thousand camels.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 35.</ref> Ray became the cultural capital of Shiites in Buyid era and numerous scholars and faqihs were living there.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 35.</ref> | In the 4th/10th century, Abbasids gradually lost their grip on Ray and Buyids took over the city<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 34.</ref>. Rukn al-Dawla and Baha' al-Dawla, the Buyid kings, ordered to repair the buildings of the city.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 35.</ref> Based on historical sources, Sahib b. 'Abbad built a grand library in the city which contained books carried by four thousand camels.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 35.</ref> Ray became the cultural capital of Shiites in Buyid era and numerous scholars and faqihs were living there.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 35.</ref> | ||
Seljuk rulers conquered Ray in 234/ | Seljuk rulers conquered Ray in 234/848-9. Tughril repaired the city and then built a grand mosque which became known by his name. The Tughril Tower is the remains of Tughril's mausoleum. Also a number of other Seljuk Shahs were buried there including Tutush b. Alp Arslan and Tughril b. Alp Arslan.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 36.</ref> | ||
==Presence of Shiites== | ==Presence of Shiites== | ||
There are no accurate information on the exact time of emergence and settlement of Shiite Muslims in Ray. However, regarding the title of companions of [[infallible]] Imams (a), "Razi", it can be assumed, Shiites appeared in Ray in the 2nd/8th century, i.e. in the time of [[Imamate]] of Imam Musa l-Kazim (a). [[Husayn b. Muhammad al-Razi]] a companion of Imam al-Kazim (a), [[Abu l-Husayn al-Razi]] and Muhammad b. Isma'il al-Razi [[List of Companions of Imam al-Rida (a)|companions of Imam al-Rida (a)]] are among the notable companions who lived in Ray.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Aṭlas-i Shīʿa'', p. 207.</ref> According to historical reports fifty four companions of infallible Imams (a) were living in Ray: Two [[List of Companions of Imam al-Rida (a)|companions of Imam al-Rida (a)]], eleven [[List of Companions of Imam al-Sadiq (a)|companions of gImam al-Sadiq (a)]], six [[List of Companions of Imam al-Kazim (a)|companions of Imam al-Kazim (a)]], nine companions of Imam al-Rida (a), eight [[List of Companions of Imam al-Jawad (a)|companions of Imam al-Jawad (a)]], eleven [[List of Companions of Imam al-Hadi (a)|companions of Imam al-Hadi (a)]] and four [[List of Companions of Imam al-'Askari|companions of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a)]].<ref>Malikī Mīyānajī, ''Jughrāfīyā-yi Ray'', p. 105, Quoted from ''Āyina-yi pazhūhish'', p.80.</ref> | There are no accurate information on the exact time of emergence and settlement of Shiite Muslims in Ray. However, regarding the title of companions of [[infallible]] Imams (a), "Razi", it can be assumed, Shiites appeared in Ray in the 2nd/8th century, i.e. in the time of [[Imamate]] of Imam Musa l-Kazim (a). [[Husayn b. Muhammad al-Razi]] a companion of Imam al-Kazim (a), [[Abu l-Husayn al-Razi]] and Muhammad b. Isma'il al-Razi [[List of Companions of Imam al-Rida (a)|companions of Imam al-Rida (a)]] are among the notable companions who lived in Ray.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Aṭlas-i Shīʿa'', p. 207.</ref> According to historical reports fifty four companions of infallible Imams (a) were living in Ray: Two [[List of Companions of Imam al-Rida (a)|companions of Imam al-Rida (a)]], eleven [[List of Companions of Imam al-Sadiq (a)|companions of gImam al-Sadiq (a)]], six [[List of Companions of Imam al-Kazim (a)|companions of Imam al-Kazim (a)]], nine companions of Imam al-Rida (a), eight [[List of Companions of Imam al-Jawad (a)|companions of Imam al-Jawad (a)]], eleven [[List of Companions of Imam al-Hadi (a)|companions of Imam al-Hadi (a)]] and four [[List of Companions of Imam al-'Askari|companions of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a)]].<ref>Malikī Mīyānajī, ''Jughrāfīyā-yi Ray'', p. 105, Quoted from ''Āyina-yi pazhūhish'', p.80.</ref> | ||
The entrance of [['Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani]] in Ray in 250/864 was a milestone in the history of Shiites in Ray.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Aṭlas-i Shīʿa'', p. 207.</ref> From the 3rd/9th to the 7th/13th centuries a large number of [[Sayyids]] were living in Ray. [[Hasan b. Zayd b. Muhammad]] who was invited by Alavis to Tabarestan and then established Aavid rule in [[Tabarestan]] in 250/864 was living in Ray.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Aṭlas-i Shīʿa'', p. 207.</ref> | The entrance of [['Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani]] in Ray in 250/864 was a milestone in the history of Shiites in Ray.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Aṭlas-i Shīʿa'', p. 207.</ref> From the 3rd/9th to the 7th/13th centuries a large number of [[Sayyids]] were living in Ray. [[Hasan b. Zayd b. Muhammad]] who was invited by Alavis to Tabarestan and then established Aavid rule in [[Tabarestan]] in 250/864-5 was living in Ray.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Aṭlas-i Shīʿa'', p. 207.</ref> | ||
==Diversity of Religions and Ethnic Groups== | ==Diversity of Religions and Ethnic Groups== | ||
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==Mongols Attack and Selection of Tehran as the Capital== | ==Mongols Attack and Selection of Tehran as the Capital== | ||
The attacks of Mongols to Ray led to the demolition of the city. It was so horrible that Ray could never recover and flourish again.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 37.</ref> It was partially rebuilt in the time of Ilkhanate and successors of Genghis Khan especially Mas'ud Ghazan but then again another attack by Timur led to the demolition of the city yet again.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 37-38.</ref> According to travel accounts of a Belgian traveler: "There was nothing left of the significance and grandeur of this great ancient city". He described that all the palaces, temples, mosques and houses were demolished and turned into wreckage which remained until Safavid era.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 38.</ref> When [[Shah Tahmasp I]], chose Tehran as the capital of his government in 944/ | The attacks of Mongols to Ray led to the demolition of the city. It was so horrible that Ray could never recover and flourish again.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 37.</ref> It was partially rebuilt in the time of Ilkhanate and successors of Genghis Khan especially Mas'ud Ghazan but then again another attack by Timur led to the demolition of the city yet again.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 37-38.</ref> According to travel accounts of a Belgian traveler: "There was nothing left of the significance and grandeur of this great ancient city". He described that all the palaces, temples, mosques and houses were demolished and turned into wreckage which remained until Safavid era.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 38.</ref> When [[Shah Tahmasp I]], chose Tehran as the capital of his government in 944/1537-8, Ray became a part of Tehran.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 38.</ref> Since then Ray was known only for existence of 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani's shrine.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 38.</ref> | ||
==Constitutional Movement== | ==Constitutional Movement== | ||
When constitutionalists went on a strike in the [[Shrine of 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani]] for a month<ref>Kasravī, ''Tārīkh-i Mashrūṭa-yi Īrān'', p. 66.</ref> in 1323/ | When constitutionalists went on a strike in the [[Shrine of 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani]] for a month<ref>Kasravī, ''Tārīkh-i Mashrūṭa-yi Īrān'', p. 66.</ref> in 1323/1905-6, Ray returned to center of attention.<ref>Kasravī, ''Tārīkh-i Mashrūṭa-yi Īrān'', p. 73.</ref> In addition, some other strikes took place in 'Abd al-'Azim's shrine including the strike of merchants against Joseph Naus, a strike against opposition of [[Muhammad 'Ali Shah]] against Constitutional Movement, the strike of [[Sayyid Hasan Mudarris]] and a number of religious scholars to force [[Ahmad Shah]] to sack Samsam al-Saltana.<ref>Afḍalī, "Taḥaṣṣun", vol. 6, p. 666.</ref> Since then the importance of Ray was due to the existence of the shrine of 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani.<ref>Qāʾidān, "Āstān-i muqaddas-i ḥaḍrat-i ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Ḥasanī", p. 39.</ref> | ||
==Grand Figures== | ==Grand Figures== | ||
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[[Shrine of 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani|'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani's shrine]] is the most prominent shrine in Ray who is also known as Sayyid 'Abd al-Karim; his lineage goes back to [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] within four generations. He has narrated [[hadith]]s from [[Imam al-Jawad (a)]] and [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]]. Shiite scholars like [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] and [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] have regarded him as [[Al-Muwaththaq#Types of Hadith|thiqa]] (reliable hadith narrator).<ref>Malikī Mīyānajī, ''Jughrāfīyā-yi Ray'', p. 66, Quoted from ''Ray-i bāstān'', vol. 1, p. 56-57.</ref> | [[Shrine of 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani|'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani's shrine]] is the most prominent shrine in Ray who is also known as Sayyid 'Abd al-Karim; his lineage goes back to [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] within four generations. He has narrated [[hadith]]s from [[Imam al-Jawad (a)]] and [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]]. Shiite scholars like [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] and [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] have regarded him as [[Al-Muwaththaq#Types of Hadith|thiqa]] (reliable hadith narrator).<ref>Malikī Mīyānajī, ''Jughrāfīyā-yi Ray'', p. 66, Quoted from ''Ray-i bāstān'', vol. 1, p. 56-57.</ref> | ||
The [[Ibn Babawayh's mausoleum]] is the burial place of al-Shaykh al-Saduq who passed away in [[381]]/991. | The [[Ibn Babawayh's mausoleum]] is the burial place of al-Shaykh al-Saduq who passed away in [[381]]/991-2. | ||
===Seminary Schools and Universities=== | ===Seminary Schools and Universities=== | ||