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About 500 years B.C, Cyrus (an Achaemenid king) seized the center and north of Mesopotamia as a part of Persian territory. After the Achaemenid, Seleucid Empire, Parthian Empire, and Sassanid ruled in Iraq, which became massively important in the Sassanid era and Ctesiphon (Tisfun or as called [[al-Mada'in]] now) became the capital. [[Taq Kasra]] a Sassanid-era monument in al-Mada'in was built at this time. | About 500 years B.C, Cyrus (an Achaemenid king) seized the center and north of Mesopotamia as a part of Persian territory. After the Achaemenid, Seleucid Empire, Parthian Empire, and Sassanid ruled in Iraq, which became massively important in the Sassanid era and Ctesiphon (Tisfun or as called [[al-Mada'in]] now) became the capital. [[Taq Kasra]] a Sassanid-era monument in al-Mada'in was built at this time. | ||
Sassanid (226 - 652 AD) ruled in Iraq for four centuries. In [[16]]/637 | Sassanid (226 - 652 AD) ruled in Iraq for four centuries. In [[16]]/637 Muslims' army attacked Iraq and defeated [[Iran|Iranian]] army. However, Iraq remained a part of Iran's territory. | ||
===After Islam=== | ===After Islam=== | ||
In [[14]]/ 635 | In [[14]]/ 635, al-Mada'in was conquered by Muslims. [[Salman al-Farsi]] and [[Hudhayfa b. Yaman]], [[Sahaba|companions of the Prophet Muhammad (s)]], were governors of al-Mada'in for some years. Iraq was attached to Muslims' territory in the time of the second caliph, [['Umar b. al-Khattab]]. Later, [[Imam Ali (a)]] changed his capital from [[Hijaz]] to [[Kufa]] in [[35]]/655-6. Three major battles, [[Jamal]], [[Battle of Siffin|Siffin]], and [[Battle of Nahrawan|Nahrawan]] took place in this region. Also, [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and his companions were martyred in [[Karbala]] in [[61]]/ 680 by [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]]. | ||
[[Baghdad]] was the capital of [[Abbasid dynasty]]. Mongols attacked and conquered [[Baghdad]] in [[656]]/ 1258 | [[Baghdad]] was the capital of [[Abbasid dynasty]]. Mongols attacked and conquered [[Baghdad]] in [[656]]/ 1258 they controlled it until Aq Quyunlu took over. However [[Safavid]] came and captured Iraq and made it part of [[Iran]]'s territory. Later [[Ottomans]] defeated Iran and they managed to seize Iraq in 1535; which was called the state of Baghdad under the Ottomans. | ||
In 1919 Iraq was detached from the Ottomans and it was dominated by the British. Faysal I formed the Monarchy of Iraq. With long and continuous oppositions and resistance of religious scholars such as [[Mirza Muhammad Taqi Shirazi]], [[Muhammad Khalisi Zadih]] and [[Ayatollah Kashani]], Iraq became independent in 1932. | In 1919 Iraq was detached from the Ottomans and it was dominated by the British. Faysal I formed the Monarchy of Iraq. With long and continuous oppositions and resistance of religious scholars such as [[Mirza Muhammad Taqi Shirazi]], [[Muhammad Khalisi Zadih]] and [[Ayatollah Kashani]], Iraq became independent in 1932. | ||
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'Abd al-Karim Qasim ended the monarchy system in Iraq through a coup and formed Republic governing system in Iraq. Later Ba'ath party changed the governing system into the People's Democratic Republic of Iraq. | 'Abd al-Karim Qasim ended the monarchy system in Iraq through a coup and formed Republic governing system in Iraq. Later Ba'ath party changed the governing system into the People's Democratic Republic of Iraq. | ||
After the [[Islamic revolution of Iran]], [[Saddam]] came to power in Iraq in 1979, he imposed an [[Iran-Iraq war|eight-year war]] against Iran in September 1980. Then in 1991, he attacked [[Kuwait]]. In 2003, American and British troops occupied Iraq in order to punish Saddam and bring democracy to Iraq. In 2005 Parliament election was held in Iraq. Jalal Talabani became the president and Ibrahim al-Jaafari became the prime minister of Iraq. Also in October 2005, the constitution of Iraq was approved. Nouri al-Maliki replaced Ibrahim al-Jaafari in 2006 and stayed in this position until 2014. | After the [[Islamic revolution of Iran]], [[Saddam]] came to power in Iraq in 1979, he imposed an [[Iran-Iraq war|eight-year war]] against Iran in September 1980. Then in 1991, he attacked [[Kuwait]]. In 2003, American and British troops occupied Iraq in order to punish Saddam and bring democracy to Iraq. In 2005 Parliament election was held in Iraq. Jalal Talabani became the president and Ibrahim al-Jaafari became the prime minister of Iraq. Also in October 2005, the constitution of Iraq was approved. Nouri al-Maliki replaced Ibrahim al-Jaafari in 2006 and stayed in this position until 2014. Abdul Latif Rashid is the current president of Iraq and Muhammad Shia' al-Sudani is the prime minister. | ||
==Historical Events== | ==Historical Events== | ||
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* Battle of Siffin | * Battle of Siffin | ||
{{Main|Battle of Siffin}} | {{Main|Battle of Siffin}} | ||
The Battle of Siffin was a battle between Imam Ali (a) and [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan]] occurred in the [[Safar]] of [[37]]/ | The Battle of Siffin was a battle between Imam Ali (a) and [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan]] occurred in the [[Safar]] of [[37]]/ July 657 in an area called [[Siffin]]. Mu'awiya and his army later came to be called [[Qasitun]]. When the army of Mu'awiya was about to be defeated, they put copies of the [[Qur'an]] on their spears and discouraged some people in Imam Ali's (a) army from the battle. Eventually, some arbiters were elected in order to judge between the two parties, and the battle ended with no result. | ||
* Battle of Nahrawan | * Battle of Nahrawan | ||
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===The Peace Treaty between Imam al-Hasan (a) and Mu'awiya=== | ===The Peace Treaty between Imam al-Hasan (a) and Mu'awiya=== | ||
{{Main|Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a)}} | {{Main|Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a)}} | ||
It refers to a peace treaty between [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan|Mua'wiya]] | It refers to a peace treaty between [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan|Mua'wiya]] in [[41]]/661, after [[Imam Ali (a)]]'s demise. This treaty contained some provisions, the most important of which was Mu'awiya not assigning a successor, not to conspire against Imam al-Hasan (a), and to protect his Shi'a and companions' lives. | ||
===The Battle of Karbala=== | ===The Battle of Karbala=== | ||
{{Main|Battle of Karbala}} | {{Main|Battle of Karbala}} | ||
On [[Muharram 10]], [[61]]/October | On [[Muharram 10]], [[61]]/October 10, 680, the army of [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]] led by [['Umar b. Sa'd]] killed [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], his [[:Category:Companions of Imam al-Husayn (a)|companions]] and relatives in [[Karbala]]; they also took the rest of his caravan as [[Captives of Karbala|captives]]. | ||
===Uprisings=== | ===Uprisings=== | ||
* The Uprising of al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi | * The Uprising of al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi | ||
{{Main|Uprising of al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi}} | {{Main|Uprising of al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi}} | ||
In the year [[66]]/685, [[al-Mukhtar]] executed a rise in revenge of Imam al-Husayn's (a) blood. The Shi'a of [[Kufa]] supported him. He killed [[Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan]], [[Khawli b. Yazid]], [['Umar b. Sa'd]], and [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] in his rise. | |||
* Tawwabun Uprising | * Tawwabun Uprising | ||
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===Umayyad Dynasty=== | ===Umayyad Dynasty=== | ||
{{Main|Umayyads|Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan|Yazid b. Mu'awiya}} | {{Main|Umayyads|Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan|Yazid b. Mu'awiya}} | ||
Umayyads ([[41]]/661 | Umayyads ([[41]]/661 – [[132]]/750) are a branch of [[Quraysh]] tribe, who are descendants of [[Umayya b. 'Abd Shams b. 'Abd Manaf]]. They came to power in 41/661 and they ruled over Iraq until 132/750. They changed Caliphate to Monarchy. Umayyad caliphs and leaders held adversaries against [[Banu Hashim]] which continued throughout their ruling era. Mu'awiya and Yazid were the first caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty. | ||
Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan: He was the first Umayyad caliph. He usurped the caliphate from Imam al-Hasan (a) by means of the peace treaty between them in 41/661 | Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan: He was the first Umayyad caliph. He usurped the caliphate from Imam al-Hasan (a) by means of the peace treaty between them in 41/661. He changed the capital from Kufa to [[Syria]]. He launched the [[Battle of Siffin]] against Imam Ali (a). | ||
Yazid I: He was the second Umayyad caliph who came to power after the death of his father, Mu'awiya. Yazid's parents were fierce enemies of the Prophet (s) prior to the [[Conquest of Mecca]]. He was the first one chosen by his father to be the next caliph, in a hierarchical fashion. Yazid I was famous for being drunk and playing musical instruments. He had committed many crimes including the [[Battle of Karbala]], the [[Incident of Harra]], and the attack on [[Ka'ba]]. | Yazid I: He was the second Umayyad caliph who came to power after the death of his father, Mu'awiya. Yazid's parents were fierce enemies of the Prophet (s) prior to the [[Conquest of Mecca]]. He was the first one chosen by his father to be the next caliph, in a hierarchical fashion. Yazid I was famous for being drunk and playing musical instruments. He had committed many crimes including the [[Battle of Karbala]], the [[Incident of Harra]], and the attack on [[Ka'ba]]. | ||
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===Buyid Dynasty=== | ===Buyid Dynasty=== | ||
{{Main|Buyids}} | {{Main|Buyids}} | ||
Buyids was a Shi'ite government that ruled from | Buyids was a Shi'ite government that ruled from 322/934 to 448/1056-7 in Iraq and [[Iran]], they managed to overcome [[Abbasid caliphate]]. At the beginning they established their government in Iran, then Ahmad b. Buya expanded Buyid territory to Iraq. 'Adud al-Dawla was the most powerful ruler of the Buyid dynasty. After his reign, Buyid rulers came against each other through disagreements which finally led to the fall of this Shi'ite dynasty by the hands of Sultan Mahmud, a Ghaznavid ruler. | ||
Having Shi'a ministers including Ibn 'Amid, [[Sahib b. | Having Shi'a ministers including Ibn 'Amid, [[Sahib b. 'Abbad]], al-Muhallabi, and [[Ibn Sina|Ave Sina]] (Ibn Sina) in Buyid government, Shi'ism expanded throughout the region. Mourning ceremonies in [['Ashura]], writing Shi'ite poem on walls of [[mosque]]s in [[Baghdad]], making pilgrimage of Shi'a Imams' shrines, building mosques, and resting places for pilgrims in [[Najaf]] and [[Karbala]] were significant actions taken by Buyid rulers. | ||
===Ilkhanate=== | ===Ilkhanate=== | ||
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Safavid dynasty founded their government based on Shi'ism. They chose Shi'a Islam as their official religion, which heavily affected Iranian culture. Transferring the [[Euphrate]]s' water to Najaf and rebuilding the [[holy shrine of Kadhimiyya]] by the order of [[Shah Isma'il]] were the significant impact of Safavid government in Iraq. | Safavid dynasty founded their government based on Shi'ism. They chose Shi'a Islam as their official religion, which heavily affected Iranian culture. Transferring the [[Euphrate]]s' water to Najaf and rebuilding the [[holy shrine of Kadhimiyya]] by the order of [[Shah Isma'il]] were the significant impact of Safavid government in Iraq. | ||
In the ruling era of the first Safi, the Ottomans attacked Iran. As a result, the Zuhab treaty was agreed between the Ottomans and Safavid in 1049/1639, in which Iraq was detached from Iran and attached to Ottomans' territory. Zuhab treaty made peace between the two parties for a century. | In the ruling era of the first Safi, the Ottomans attacked Iran. As a result, the Zuhab treaty was agreed between the Ottomans and Safavid in 1049/1639-40, in which Iraq was detached from Iran and attached to Ottomans' territory. Zuhab treaty made peace between the two parties for a century. | ||
===Local Shi'ite Rules=== | ===Local Shi'ite Rules=== | ||
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* Banu al-Mazid | * Banu al-Mazid | ||
Banu al-Mazid (350/ 961- | Banu al-Mazid (350/961-2 – 454/1062): They were initially part of the [[Banu Asad]] tribe who started living in the regions near [[Kufa]]. Ali b. Mazid, known as Sana' al-Dawla, was permitted by Ahmad Mu'iz al-Dawla's government to found the city [[Hillah]] in Iraq, which became their capital later. They actually acquired titles from the Buyid government and they established an independent state. Banu al-Mazidi established the [[seminary in Hillah]] for the first time in the 5th/11th century. | ||
* Shahiniyya Shi'ite government | * Shahiniyya Shi'ite government | ||
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* Al-Baridi | * Al-Baridi | ||
They were Shi'a families in Iraq who were ruling over the south of Iraq and Khuzestan province in Iran in the beginning of the 4th/10th century. Abu Yusuf al-Baridi was the governor of [[Basra]] and its region in [[320]]/ 932-3. Then 'Abd Allah al-Baridi was ruling in Wasit and Baghdad in [[329]]/940-1, and he made al-Muttaqi, an Abbasid governor, to offer the ministry of [[Abbasid caliphate]] to him; although it was usurped from him soon. In the time of [[Buyid]], Abu l-Qasim al-Baridi was chosen as the governor of Basra and then in 335/946-7 became the governor of Wasit and its region. He ruled over Basra until 349/960. | They were Shi'a families in Iraq who were ruling over the south of Iraq and Khuzestan province in Iran in the beginning of the 4th/10th century. Abu Yusuf al-Baridi was the governor of [[Basra]] and its region in [[320]]/ 932-3. Then 'Abd Allah al-Baridi was ruling in Wasit and Baghdad in [[329]]/940-1, and he made al-Muttaqi, an Abbasid governor, to offer the ministry of [[Abbasid caliphate]] to him; although it was usurped from him soon. In the time of [[Buyid]], Abu l-Qasim al-Baridi was chosen as the governor of Basra and then in 335/946-7 became the governor of Wasit and its region. He ruled over Basra until 349/960-1. | ||
* Musha'sha'iyyah | * Musha'sha'iyyah | ||
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===Shi'ism in Baghdad=== | ===Shi'ism in Baghdad=== | ||
After Baghdad was founded by immigrants from [[Kufa]], Basra, and [[Khorasan]] as well as settlement of a large number of grand Shi'ite scholars in Karkh, a region in Baghdad, who were noble or official chiefs in Baghdad. The region of Karkh is called the region of [[Rafidi]] in sources. Yaghut al-Himawi expressed: "Those who lived in Karkh were all Twelver Shi'a Muslims and there were no [[Sunni]] among them." When [[Buyids]] came to Baghdad in 344/955, they remarkably supported Shi'a Muslims and Shi'ite ceremonies such as holding mourning ceremonies of the [[Day of 'Ashura]] and [[eid al-Ghadir]], which led to start of oppositions between Sunni Muslims of Bab al-Basra and Shi'a Muslims of Karkh region. Then after the emergence of Turks in Baghdad, Shi'a Muslims were prosecuted and distressed. | After Baghdad was founded by immigrants from [[Kufa]], Basra, and [[Khorasan]] as well as settlement of a large number of grand Shi'ite scholars in Karkh, a region in Baghdad, who were noble or official chiefs in Baghdad. The region of Karkh is called the region of [[Rafidi]] in sources. Yaghut al-Himawi expressed: "Those who lived in Karkh were all Twelver Shi'a Muslims and there were no [[Sunni]] among them." When [[Buyids]] came to Baghdad in 344/955-6, they remarkably supported Shi'a Muslims and Shi'ite ceremonies such as holding mourning ceremonies of the [[Day of 'Ashura]] and [[eid al-Ghadir]], which led to start of oppositions between Sunni Muslims of Bab al-Basra and Shi'a Muslims of Karkh region. Then after the emergence of Turks in Baghdad, Shi'a Muslims were prosecuted and distressed. | ||
The region of Buratha which includes [[Buratha mosque]] is regarded as an important Shi'ite region in Baghdad. It is regarded as a sacred region for Shi'a Muslims which was damaged and destroyed many times. Today this region is considered as one the most important Shi'ite communities where [[Friday Prayer|Friday's prayer]]s are held. | The region of Buratha which includes [[Buratha mosque]] is regarded as an important Shi'ite region in Baghdad. It is regarded as a sacred region for Shi'a Muslims which was damaged and destroyed many times. Today this region is considered as one the most important Shi'ite communities where [[Friday Prayer|Friday's prayer]]s are held. | ||
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Although Shi'a Muslims were treated harshly in the Ottoman era, they stood firm and defended themselves against British soldiers. This resistance was inspired by [[fatwas]] of religious scholars of [[Najaf]]. [[Sayyid Muhammad Sa'id Habbubi]], [[Shaykh Abd al-Karim al-Jazayeri]] and [[Sayyid Kazim Yazdi]] gave speeches in order to encourage the resistance. [[Muhammad Mahdi Khalisi]] in [[Kadhimiyya]] emphasized resistance in his statements. [[Sayyid Mahdi Heydari]] and [[Muhammad Taqi Shirazi]] issued fatwas. Even [[Muhammad Taqi Shirazi]], as the leader of Shi'a Muslims of Iraq and his successor, [[Al-Shaykh al-Shari'a al-Isfahani]], made huge efforts in achieving independence of Iraq from the Ottomans. | Although Shi'a Muslims were treated harshly in the Ottoman era, they stood firm and defended themselves against British soldiers. This resistance was inspired by [[fatwas]] of religious scholars of [[Najaf]]. [[Sayyid Muhammad Sa'id Habbubi]], [[Shaykh Abd al-Karim al-Jazayeri]] and [[Sayyid Kazim Yazdi]] gave speeches in order to encourage the resistance. [[Muhammad Mahdi Khalisi]] in [[Kadhimiyya]] emphasized resistance in his statements. [[Sayyid Mahdi Heydari]] and [[Muhammad Taqi Shirazi]] issued fatwas. Even [[Muhammad Taqi Shirazi]], as the leader of Shi'a Muslims of Iraq and his successor, [[Al-Shaykh al-Shari'a al-Isfahani]], made huge efforts in achieving independence of Iraq from the Ottomans. | ||
After the opposition of religious scholars of Najaf with policies of the British in Iraq, rulers of Iraq exiled them in 1337 | After the opposition of religious scholars of Najaf with policies of the British in Iraq, rulers of Iraq exiled them in 1337/1919. [[Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani]] and [[Mirza Husayn Na'ini]] along with a number of other religious scholars were exiled to Iran. Sunni Muslims were holding the official authorities at that time. In the meantime, the al-Da'wa party started its activities in 1958. | ||
No Shi'a Muslim was ever appointed as a minister in Iraq until 1947. [[Malik Feysal]] tried to convince Shi'a religious clergymen to get them involved in government affairs. [[Al-Sayyid Hibi al-Din al-Shahristani]] held the ministry of Ma'arif (theology) for some time. Also [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr]], [[Salih Jibar]] and [[Abd al-Wahhab Marjan]] were prime ministers of Iraq from 1947 to | No Shi'a Muslim was ever appointed as a minister in Iraq until 1947. [[Malik Feysal]] tried to convince Shi'a religious clergymen to get them involved in government affairs. [[Al-Sayyid Hibi al-Din al-Shahristani]] held the ministry of Ma'arif (theology) for some time. Also [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr]], [[Salih Jibar]] and [[Abd al-Wahhab Marjan]] were prime ministers of Iraq from 1947 to 1958. | ||
===Shi'a Muslims in Ba'ath Time=== | ===Shi'a Muslims in Ba'ath Time=== | ||
The Ba'ath government tried its best to keep Shi'a Muslims and Kurdish Iraqis away from political power. From 1920 until the occupation of Iraq by the American army in 2003 Sunni were largely in charge of political power in Iraq. After the attack of Iraq on Kuwait in 1991 and afterward the attack of the United States' army to Iraq, Shi'a Muslims started a revolution against the Ba'ath government called Sha'baniyya, which was supported by a grand religious leader, [[Ayatollah Khoei]]. After the failure of this riot, the Iraqi army massacred Shi'a Muslims all over the country; they used tanks that carried flags written on them "There will not be any Shi'a Muslim anymore." According to sources, between three hundred to five hundred thousand Shi'a were murdered. In the meantime, the war between Iraq and Iran and also the expulsion of Iranian from Iraq took place. | The Ba'ath government tried its best to keep Shi'a Muslims and Kurdish Iraqis away from political power. From 1920 until the occupation of Iraq by the American army in 2003 Sunni were largely in charge of political power in Iraq. After the attack of Iraq on Kuwait in 1991 and afterward the attack of the United States' army to Iraq, Shi'a Muslims started a revolution against the Ba'ath government called Sha'baniyya, which was supported by a grand religious leader, [[Ayatollah Khoei]]. After the failure of this riot, the Iraqi army massacred Shi'a Muslims all over the country; they used tanks that carried flags written on them "There will not be any Shi'a Muslim anymore." According to sources, between three hundred to five hundred thousand Shi'a were murdered. In the meantime, the war between Iraq and Iran and also the expulsion of Iranian from Iraq took place. | ||
Sha'ban Intifada in Iraq was a riot against the government of Saddam Husayn in Sha'ban month in 1411 | Sha'ban Intifada in Iraq was a riot against the government of Saddam Husayn in Sha'ban month in 1411/1991. It took place after the defeat of the Iraqi army in their attack on Kuwait. Subsequently, the Iraqi army suppressed the rioters and oppositions, killing thousands of people while two million left their houses. Meanwhile, the holy shrines of Imam Ali (a) and Imam al-Husayn (a) were damaged and Ayatollah Khoei was arrested. | ||
===After the time of Saddam Husayn=== | ===After the time of Saddam Husayn=== | ||