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Verse of Isti'adha: Difference between revisions
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| Name of Verse =Verse of Isti' | | Name of Verse =Verse of Isti'adha | ||
| Sura = [[Sura al-Nahl]] | | Sura = [[Sura al-Nahl]] | ||
| Verse = 98 | | Verse = 98 | ||
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The '''Verse of Istiʿādha''' (Arabic: {{ia|آيَة الإسْتِعٰاذَة}}) states that when [[Tilawa|reciting the Qur'an]], one should seek refuge in [[God]] from Satan's [[Satan's temptations|temptations]] to be protected from mistakes. [[Isti'adha]] means seeking refuge, and this refuge has been considered the refuge of the heart; that is, a person should feel in his heart that he has taken refuge in God. | The '''Verse of Istiʿādha''' (Arabic: {{ia|آيَة الإسْتِعٰاذَة}}) states that when [[Tilawa|reciting the Qur'an]], one should seek refuge in [[God]] from Satan's [[Satan's temptations|temptations]] to be protected from mistakes. [[Isti'adha]] means seeking refuge, and this refuge has been considered the refuge of the heart; that is, a person should feel in his heart that he has taken refuge in God. | ||
[[Jurists]], referring to this verse, consider saying, "I seek refuge in Allah against the outcast Satan" [[Mustahabb|recommended]] when reciting the [[Qur'an]] and starting the [[prayer]]. In some [[hadiths]], other expressions have also been mentioned for "isti' | [[Jurists]], referring to this verse, consider saying, "I seek refuge in Allah against the outcast Satan" [[Mustahabb|recommended]] when reciting the [[Qur'an]] and starting the [[prayer]]. In some [[hadiths]], other expressions have also been mentioned for "isti'adha", such as "I seek refuge in Allah, the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing, from the outcast Satan." | ||
==Text and Translation== | ==Text and Translation== | ||
[[Qur'an 16]]:98, referred to as the verse of "Isti' | [[Qur'an 16]]:98, referred to as the verse of "Isti'adha",<ref>Ibn ʿĀshūr, ''al-Taḥrīr wa l-tanwīr'', vol. 13, p. 222.</ref> states that one should seek refuge in God from [[Satan]] while reciting the Qur'an. Referring to this verse, Muslims start reciting the Qur'an and some other works with "isti'adha". | ||
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==Interpretation== | ==Interpretation== | ||
According to [[Al-Fadl b. al-Hasan al-Tabrisi|Tabrisi]] (d. 548/1153-4), one at a lower position seeking refuge from one at a higher position is in a submissive manner. The meaning of "isti' | According to [[Al-Fadl b. al-Hasan al-Tabrisi|Tabrisi]] (d. 548/1153-4), one at a lower position seeking refuge from one at a higher position is in a submissive manner. The meaning of "isti'adha" in the verse mentioned above is that when reciting the Qur'an, one should seek refuge in God from the temptations of [[Satan]] to be safe from slips and mistakes.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 6, p. 593.</ref> [['Allama Tabataba'i]] (d. 1981) considered this refuge as the refuge of the heart;<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 12, p. 343-344.</ref> i.e., a person should feel in his heart that he has taken refuge in God and separates from the vain desires that hinder correct understanding rather than just saying it with his tongue.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 11, p. 397.</ref> Of course, verbal expression of isti'adha is considered a prelude to creating that heart condition.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''al-Mīzān'', vol. 12, p. 343-344.</ref> | ||
Some [[exegetes]] of the Qur'an have considered the reason for mentioning the adjective "rajim" [outcast] for Satan to remember his arrogance and violation of God's command, which implies that upon reciting the Qur'an, one should keep away arrogance, [[Hubris|pride]], and [[prejudice]] so that he does not suffer a fate like Satan.<ref> Najafī Khomeinī, ''Tafsīr-i āsān'', vol. 9, p. 292.</ref> | Some [[exegetes]] of the Qur'an have considered the reason for mentioning the adjective "rajim" [outcast] for Satan to remember his arrogance and violation of God's command, which implies that upon reciting the Qur'an, one should keep away arrogance, [[Hubris|pride]], and [[prejudice]] so that he does not suffer a fate like Satan.<ref> Najafī Khomeinī, ''Tafsīr-i āsān'', vol. 9, p. 292.</ref> | ||
==Is | ==Is Isti'adha Obligatory or Recommended?== | ||
Islamic scholars have considered the command of "ista'idh" in this verse to imply [[recommendation]] and therefore considered saying "A' | Islamic scholars have considered the command of "ista'idh" in this verse to imply [[recommendation]] and therefore considered saying "A'ūdh-u billah..." recommended for [[Tilawa|reciting the Qur'an]].<ref>See: Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 6, p. 593; Suyūṭī, ''al-Itqān'', vol. 1, p. 364; ʿAbd, ''al-Mīzān fī aḥkām tajwīd al-Qurʾān'', p. 37.</ref> [[Al-Muqaddas al-Ardabili]] (d. 993/1585), one of the [[jurists]] of the tenth/sixteenth century, has considered the opinion of most scholars on non-obligation of isti'adha and the lack of any command on the obligation of isti'adha in hadiths as a proof for understanding recommendation from the mentioned verse.<ref>Ardabīlī, ''Zubdat al-bayān, p. 92-93.</ref> However, referring to the appearance of the command verb ("ista'idh"), some believe that making isti'adha is [[obligatory]] upon reciting the Qur'an.<ref>Suyūṭī, ''al-Itqān'', vol. 1, p. 364; ʿAbd, ''al-Mīzān fī aḥkām tajwīd al-Qurʾān'', p. 37.</ref> | ||
According to [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]]<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Khilāf'', vol. 1, p. 324.</ref> (d. 460/1067) and [[al-'Allama al-Hilli]]<ref>Ḥillī, ''Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol. 3, p. 307.</ref> (d. 726/1325), Shi'a and Sunni jurists, citing this verse, consider it [[recommended]] to say "A' | According to [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]]<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Khilāf'', vol. 1, p. 324.</ref> (d. 460/1067) and [[al-'Allama al-Hilli]]<ref>Ḥillī, ''Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol. 3, p. 307.</ref> (d. 726/1325), Shi'a and Sunni jurists, citing this verse, consider it [[recommended]] to say "A'ūdh-u billah…" ["I seek refuge in God..."] in the first [[rak'a]] of daily prayer (after [[Takbirat al-Ihram]] and before the recitation of suras). It has been reported that among Twelver Shiite jurists, only [[Abu Ali al-Tusi]] (son of al-Shaykh al-Tusi) believed in the obligation of saying isti'adha,<ref>Shahīd al-Awwal, ''al-Durūs al-sharʿīyya'', vol. 1, p. 174.</ref> and [[Malik b. Anas]] considered it permissible only in [[Nafila prayers]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Khilāf'', vol. 1, p. 324; ʿĀmilī, ''Miftāḥ al-karāma'', vol. 2, p. 399.</ref> Observing "[[ikhfat]]" (whispering manner) when saying isti'adha in prayer is considered recommended.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''Miftāḥ al-karāma'', vol. 7, p. 235.</ref> | ||
==Expressions of Isti' | ==Expressions of Isti'adha== | ||
They have mentioned different expressions for isti' | They have mentioned different expressions for isti'adha.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 82, p. 5.</ref> [[Al-'Allamah al-Majlisi]] (d. 1110/1699) considered the most famous of them to be "A'ūdh-u bi-llah min al-Shaytān al-Rajim" ["I seek refuge in Allah against the outcast Satan"] and "A'ūdh-u bi-llah al-Sami' al-'Alim min al-Shaytān al-Rajim" ["I seek refuge in Allah, the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing, from the outcast Satan."].<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 82, p. 5.</ref> In some hadiths, other expressions have also been mentioned for isti'adha, including: "Asta'idh-u bi-llah min al-Shaytan al-Rajim",<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 8, p. 175.</ref> "A'ūdh-u bi-llah al-Sami' al-'Alim min al-Shaytan al-Rajim, wa a'ūdh-u bi-llah an yaḍdurun",<ref>Ḥimyarī, ''Qurb al-isnād'', p. 124.</ref> and "A'ūdh-u bi-llah min al-Shaytān al-Rajim, inn Allah Huw-a l-Fattāh al-'Alim".<ref>Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, ''al-Wāfī'', vol. 8, p. 1156.</ref> | ||
Although in the verse of isti'adha, the phrase "idha qara't-a l-Qur'an fa-sta'idh bi-llah…" ["When you recite the Quran, seek the protection of Allah …"] is mentioned, but they have considered it to suggest that when you want to recite the Qur'an, say "A' | Although in the verse of isti'adha, the phrase "idha qara't-a l-Qur'an fa-sta'idh bi-llah…" ["When you recite the Quran, seek the protection of Allah …"] is mentioned, but they have considered it to suggest that when you want to recite the Qur'an, say "A'ūdh-u bi-llah …" ["I seek refuge in Allah…"];<ref>Jaʿfarī, ''Kawthar'', vol. 6, p. 213.</ref> the same as the verse "When you stand up for prayer, wash your faces…" (Qur'an 5:6) which means to perform [[wudu]] when you intend to perform prayer.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 6, p. 593.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||