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Lunar Hijri Calendar: Difference between revisions
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[[Al-Shaykh al-Tusi]], the [[jurist]] and traditionist of the fifth/eleventh century, maintained that according to widely transmitted Shi'a hadiths, the first month of the hijri year was the month of Ramadan. Accordingly, in his book ''[[Misbah al-mutahajjid]]'', he began writing about annual rites with the rites of the month of Ramadan<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid'', vol. 2, p. 539.</ref> and ended them with the rites of the month of Sha'ban.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid'', vol. 2, p. 825.</ref> He also regarded the month of Rajab as the last of the [[sacred months]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid'', vol. 2, p. 797.</ref> | [[Al-Shaykh al-Tusi]], the [[jurist]] and traditionist of the fifth/eleventh century, maintained that according to widely transmitted Shi'a hadiths, the first month of the hijri year was the month of Ramadan. Accordingly, in his book ''[[Misbah al-mutahajjid]]'', he began writing about annual rites with the rites of the month of Ramadan<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid'', vol. 2, p. 539.</ref> and ended them with the rites of the month of Sha'ban.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid'', vol. 2, p. 825.</ref> He also regarded the month of Rajab as the last of the [[sacred months]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid'', vol. 2, p. 797.</ref> | ||
[[Al-Sayyid b. Tawus]], a prominent | [[Al-Sayyid b. Tawus]], a prominent Shi'a scholar of the seventh/thirteenth century, also held that based on the practice of a great number of past scholars and their books, the month of Ramadan is the beginning of the lunar hijri year. However, he thought it was probable that the month of Ramadan could be the first month of the religious year and the month of Muharram the beginning of the ordinary year. <ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Iqbāl al-aʿmāl'', vol. 1, p. 4-5.</ref> | ||
==The Months== | ==The Months== | ||
The lunar hijri year contains twelve months, with each month containing twenty-nine or thirty days. However, whether a given month contains twenty-nine or thirty days is determined based on moon phases and therefore is not fixed. Nevertheless, in conventional lunar hijri calendars, the odd months are considered thirty days and the even months twenty-nine days. The last month in leap years is always thirty days. | The lunar hijri year contains twelve months,<ref>See: Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 188-189.</ref> with each month containing twenty-nine or thirty days. However, whether a given month contains twenty-nine or thirty days is determined based on moon phases and therefore is not fixed.<ref>ʿAbdullāhī, ''Muʿarrifī-yi du taqwīm-i dāʾimī-yi jadid gāhshumārī-hā-yi hijrī shamsī wa hijrī qamarī'', p. 734, note. 2.</ref> Nevertheless, in conventional lunar hijri calendars, the odd months are considered thirty days and the even months twenty-nine days. The last month in leap years is always thirty days. | ||
The number of days in a lunar year is ten or eleven days less than that of solar years. Therefore, the number of days in an ordinary lunar year is 354, and in a leap year 355. | The number of days in a lunar year is ten or eleven days less than that of solar years. Therefore, the number of days in an ordinary lunar year is 354, and in a leap year 355, note. 3, 4.<ref>ʿAbdullāhī, ''Muʿarrifī-yi du taqwīm-i dāʾimī-yi jadid gāhshumārī-hā-yi hijrī shamsī wa hijrī qamarī'', p. 734-735.</ref> | ||
According to [[Ali b al-Husayn al-Mas'udi]], a historian of the fourth/tenth century, the Arabs of the [[Age of Ignorance]] would add one month to the lunar year in every three years, and this is what the [[Quran]] calls ''nasīʾ'' and criticizes. | According to [[Ali b al-Husayn al-Mas'udi]], a historian of the fourth/tenth century, the Arabs of the [[Age of Ignorance]] would add one month to the lunar year in every three years, and this is what the [[Quran]] calls ''nasīʾ'' and criticizes. <ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 189.</ref> | ||
The months of a lunar hijri year are as follows: | The months of a lunar hijri year are as follows: | ||
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* [[Shawwal]] | * [[Shawwal]] | ||
* [[Dhu l-Qa'da]] | * [[Dhu l-Qa'da]] | ||
* [[Dhu l-Hijja]]. | * [[Dhu l-Hijja]].<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 188-189.</ref> | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{notes}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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* [https://www.sustg.com/saudi-arabia-switches-to-gregorian-calendar/ Saudi Arabia Switches to Gregorian Calendar]. Accessed: 2024/02/22. | * [https://www.sustg.com/saudi-arabia-switches-to-gregorian-calendar/ Saudi Arabia Switches to Gregorian Calendar]. Accessed: 2024/02/22. | ||
* Granville Freeman. ''Taqwīm-hā-yi Islāmī wa Masīḥī wa jadwal-hā-yi tabdīl-i ānhā bi yikdīgar''. Translated to Farsi by Firiydūn Badrihʾī. ''Taḥqīqāt-i kitābdārī wa iṭṭilāʿrisānī-yi dānishgāhī'' 2 (1374 Sh). | * Granville Freeman. ''Taqwīm-hā-yi Islāmī wa Masīḥī wa jadwal-hā-yi tabdīl-i ānhā bi yikdīgar''. Translated to Farsi by Firiydūn Badrihʾī. ''Taḥqīqāt-i kitābdārī wa iṭṭilāʿrisānī-yi dānishgāhī'' 2 (1374 Sh). | ||
* ʿAbdullāhī, Riḍā. ''Muʿarrifī-yi du taqwīm-i dāʾimī-yi jadid gāhshumārī-hā-yi hijrī shamsī wa hijrī qamarī''. ''Gawhar'' 8 (1352 Sh). | |||
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