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'''Innamā buʿithtu li-utammim makārim al-akhlāq''' (Arabic: {{ia|إِنَّمَا بُعِثْتُ لِأُتَمِّمَ مَکَارِمَ الْأَخْلَاق}}, lit: I was sent to complete the nobilities of character), is a [[hadith]] from the [[Prophet (s)]], in which he states the purpose of his [[Bi'tha|prophetic mission]] as the perfection of [[Ethics (Akhlaq)|moral virtues]]. The hadith states, "I was sent to complete the nobilities of character." This hadith is commonly referred to as the "Hadith Makarim al-Akhlaq" (Hadith of the Nobilities of Character). It is often cited to emphasize the importance of morality in [[Islam]], as the Prophet's (s) mission was centered on its completion and teaching. | '''Innamā buʿithtu li-utammim makārim al-akhlāq''' (Arabic: {{ia|إِنَّمَا بُعِثْتُ لِأُتَمِّمَ مَکَارِمَ الْأَخْلَاق}}, lit: I was sent to complete the nobilities of character), is a [[hadith]] from the [[Prophet (s)]], in which he states the purpose of his [[Bi'tha|prophetic mission]] as the perfection of [[Ethics (Akhlaq)|moral virtues]]. The hadith states, "I was sent to complete the nobilities of character." This hadith is commonly referred to as the "Hadith Makarim al-Akhlaq" (Hadith of the Nobilities of Character). It is often cited to emphasize the importance of morality in [[Islam]], as the Prophet's (s) mission was centered on its completion and teaching. | ||
The hadith is cited in both [[ | The hadith is cited in both [[Shi'a]] and [[Sunni]] sources, and there are similar hadiths with varying phrases. Due to the frequency of this theme in hadiths, some scholars believe that it reflects "[[al-tawatur al-ma'nawi]]" (the frequent transmission of the meaning, even if the exact words differ). | ||
In various hadiths, moral virtues or nobilities of character are believed to include qualities such as [[patience]], [[gratitude]], [[Ghayra|protection of one's family]], [[contentment]], [[courage]], [[Silat al-Rahim|maintaining ties with relatives]], [[modesty]], and having a good temperament. | In various hadiths, moral virtues or nobilities of character are believed to include qualities such as [[patience]], [[gratitude]], [[Ghayra|protection of one's family]], [[contentment]], [[courage]], [[Silat al-Rahim|maintaining ties with relatives]], [[modesty]], and having a good temperament. | ||
==Significance== | ==Significance== | ||
The hadith "I was sent to complete the nobilities of character" emphasizes the mission of the Prophet (s) to perfect and teach moral virtues.<ref>Ḥākimī and others, ''Ḥayāt'', vol. 6, p. 675.</ref> This hadith, also known as the Hadith of Makarim al-Akhlaq (Nobilities of Character)<ref>ʿĀrifī nīyā, Muḥammadī, ''Barrasī-yi dalālī-yi ḥadīth-i Makārim al-akhlāq'', p. 138.</ref> or the Hadith of Tatmim (Completion),<ref>Hādī, ''Makārim al-akhlāq; Pajūhishī pīrāmūn-i Riwāyat-i tatmīm-i Makārim al-akhlāq'', p. 314.</ref> was transmitted from the [[Prophet (s)]].<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 10, p. 500.</ref> It is frequently cited to highlight the significant objective of the [[Bi'tha|prophetic mission]] to perfect and impart moral virtues,<ref>Narāqī, ''Miʿrāj al-saʿāda'', p. 107; Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 24, p. 379.</ref> underscoring the central role of morality in [[Islam]].<ref>ʿAlī | The hadith "I was sent to complete the nobilities of character" emphasizes the mission of the Prophet (s) to perfect and teach moral virtues.<ref>Ḥākimī and others, ''Ḥayāt'', vol. 6, p. 675.</ref> This hadith, also known as the Hadith of Makarim al-Akhlaq (Nobilities of Character)<ref>ʿĀrifī nīyā, Muḥammadī, ''Barrasī-yi dalālī-yi ḥadīth-i Makārim al-akhlāq'', p. 138.</ref> or the Hadith of Tatmim (Completion),<ref>Hādī, ''Makārim al-akhlāq; Pajūhishī pīrāmūn-i Riwāyat-i tatmīm-i Makārim al-akhlāq'', p. 314.</ref> was transmitted from the [[Prophet (s)]].<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 10, p. 500.</ref> It is frequently cited to highlight the significant objective of the [[Bi'tha|prophetic mission]] to perfect and impart moral virtues,<ref>Narāqī, ''Miʿrāj al-saʿāda'', p. 107; Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 24, p. 379.</ref> underscoring the central role of morality in [[Islam]].<ref>ʿAlī Nijhād, ''Tafāwut-i makārim-i akhlāq bā maḥāsin-i akhlāq'', p. 6.</ref> | ||
==Various Interpretations of the Hadith== | ==Various Interpretations of the Hadith== | ||
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==Distinction between Nobilities of Character and Excellences of Character== | ==Distinction between Nobilities of Character and Excellences of Character== | ||
In certain versions of the Hadith of Makarim al-Akhlaq, including [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi|al-Shaykh al-Tusi's]] version, the term "excellences of character" (mahasin al-akhlaq) is also mentioned alongside the nobilities of character.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Amālī'', p. 596.</ref> [[Muhammad Taqi Falsafi]] (1917-1998), a Shi'a religious orator, points out that no specific criteria are mentioned in the hadiths for distinguishing between moral nobilities and moral excellences.<ref>Falsafī, ''Sharḥ wa tafsīr duʿā-yi makārim al-akhlāq'', vol. 1, p. 197.</ref> However, based on the instances attributed to each in the hadiths, it can be inferred that excellences of character refer to moral attributes such as being good-tempered towards people, which are praiseworthy in religion and align with one's personal desires as well,<ref>Falsafī, ''Sharḥ wa tafsīr duʿā-yi makārim al-akhlāq'', vol. 1, p. 198.</ref> as they pertain to social ties and interactions with others.<ref>ʿAlī | In certain versions of the Hadith of Makarim al-Akhlaq, including [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi|al-Shaykh al-Tusi's]] version, the term "excellences of character" (mahasin al-akhlaq) is also mentioned alongside the nobilities of character.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Amālī'', p. 596.</ref> [[Muhammad Taqi Falsafi]] (1917-1998), a Shi'a religious orator, points out that no specific criteria are mentioned in the hadiths for distinguishing between moral nobilities and moral excellences.<ref>Falsafī, ''Sharḥ wa tafsīr duʿā-yi makārim al-akhlāq'', vol. 1, p. 197.</ref> However, based on the instances attributed to each in the hadiths, it can be inferred that excellences of character refer to moral attributes such as being good-tempered towards people, which are praiseworthy in religion and align with one's personal desires as well,<ref>Falsafī, ''Sharḥ wa tafsīr duʿā-yi makārim al-akhlāq'', vol. 1, p. 198.</ref> as they pertain to social ties and interactions with others.<ref>ʿAlī Nijhād, ''Tafāwut-i makārim-i akhlāq bā maḥāsin-i akhlāq'', p. 6.</ref> On the other hand, moral traits such as [[Controlling Anger|suppressing one's anger]], which require a struggle with or at least disregarding [[Al-Nafs al-Ammara|one's personal desires]], can be considered as nobilities of character.<ref>Falsafī, ''Sharḥ wa tafsīr duʿā-yi makārim al-akhlāq'', vol. 1, p. 198.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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*ʿĀrifī nīyā, Ḥusayn and Muḥammadī, Muslim. ''Barrasī-yi dilālī-yi ḥadīth-i Makārim al-akhlāq bā tamarkuz bar sākhtār wa adabīyyāt-i ān''. In ''Faṣlnāma-yi Pajūhishnāma-yi akhlāq'' 14 - 53 (1400 Sh). | *ʿĀrifī nīyā, Ḥusayn and Muḥammadī, Muslim. ''Barrasī-yi dilālī-yi ḥadīth-i Makārim al-akhlāq bā tamarkuz bar sākhtār wa adabīyyāt-i ān''. In ''Faṣlnāma-yi Pajūhishnāma-yi akhlāq'' 14 - 53 (1400 Sh). | ||
*ʿĀrifī nīyā, Ḥusayn and Muḥammadī, Muslim. ''Barrasī-yi sanadī-yi ḥadīth-i Makārim al-akhlāq''. In ''Nashrīyya-yi Ḥadīth wa Andīsha 30 (1399 Sh). | *ʿĀrifī nīyā, Ḥusayn and Muḥammadī, Muslim. ''Barrasī-yi sanadī-yi ḥadīth-i Makārim al-akhlāq''. In ''Nashrīyya-yi Ḥadīth wa Andīsha 30 (1399 Sh). | ||
*ʿAlī Nizhād, Muḥammad Jawād. ''Tafāwut-i | *ʿAlī Nizhād, Muḥammad Jawād. ''Tafāwut-i makārim-i akhlāq bā maḥāsin-i akhlāq''. In ''Nashrīyya-yi Muʾassisa-yi Tablīgh-i Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmīyya-yi Qom'', 1397 Sh. | ||
*Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, Abū ʿAbd Allāh. ''Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal''. | *Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, Abū ʿAbd Allāh. ''Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal''. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Risāla, 2001. | ||
*''Al-Fiqh al-mansūb ilā l-Imām al-Riḍā (a); al-mushtahir bi-fiqh al-Riḍā (a)''. Mashhad: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt 1406 AH. | *''Al-Fiqh al-mansūb ilā l-Imām al-Riḍā (a); al-mushtahir bi-fiqh al-Riḍā (a)''. Mashhad: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt 1406 AH. | ||
*Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. ''Al-ʾAdab al-mufrad''. | *Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. ''Al-ʾAdab al-mufrad''. Third edition. Edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʾir al-Islāmiya, 1409 AH. | ||
*Bustānī, Fuʾād Afrām. ''Farhang-i abjadī ʿArabī- Fārsī. Translated by: Riḍā Mahyār. | *Bustānī, Fuʾād Afrām. ''Farhang-i abjadī ʿArabī- Fārsī''. Translated by: Riḍā Mahyār. Second edition. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1375 Sh. | ||
*Bayhaqī, Abū bakr Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Sunan al-kubrā''. | *Bayhaqī, Abū bakr Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Sunan al-kubrā''. Third edition. Edited by: Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1424 AH. | ||
*Falsafī, Muḥammad Taqī. ''Sharḥ wa tafsīr duʿā-yi makārim al-akhlāq''. | *Falsafī, Muḥammad Taqī. ''Sharḥ wa tafsīr duʿā-yi makārim al-akhlāq''. Twelfth edition.Tehran: Daftar-i Nashr-i Farhang-i Islāmī, 1386 Sh. | ||
*Hādī, | *Hādī, Aṣghar. ''Makārim al-akhlāq; Pajhūhishī pīrāmūn-i riwāyat-i tatmīm-i Makārim-i akhlāq''. In ''Faṣlnāma-yi akhlāq'' 5-6, Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Iṣfahān (1385 Sh). | ||
*Ḥākimī, Muḥammad Riḍā and others. ''Ḥayāt''. Translated by: Aḥmad Ārām. | *Ḥākimī, Muḥammad Riḍā and others. ''Al-Ḥayāt''. Translated by: Aḥmad Ārām. First edition. Tehran: Daftar-i Nashr-i Farhang-i Islāmī, 1380 Sh. | ||
*Ibn al-ʿArabī, Muḥyi al-Dīn Muḥammad. ''Tafsīr Ibn al-ʿArabī'' | *Ibn al-ʿArabī, Muḥyi al-Dīn Muḥammad. ''Tafsīr Ibn al-ʿArabī''. Edited by: Rubāb, Samīr Muṣtafā. First edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1422 AH. | ||
*Karājakī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Risāla al-ʿalawīyya''. | *Karājakī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Risāla al-ʿalawīyya''. First edition. Edited by: ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Karīmī. Qom: Dalīl-i Mā, 1427 AH. | ||
*Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH. | *Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH. | ||
*Muṭahharī, Murtaḍā. ''Yāddāsht hā-yi | *Muṭahharī, Murtaḍā. ''Yāddāsht-hā-yi ustād''. [n.p], Ṣadrā, 1385 Sh. | ||
*Mālik b. Anas. ''Al Muwaṭṭāʾ''. Edited by: Muḥammad Muṣṭafā | *Mālik b. Anas. ''Al Muwaṭṭāʾ''. Edited by: Muḥammad Muṣṭafā al-Aʿẓamī. Emirates: Muʾassisat Zāyid b. Sulṭān Āl Nahyān, 2004. | ||
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH. | *Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH. | ||
*Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. ''Tafsīr-i nimūna''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1374 Sh. | *Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. ''Tafsīr-i nimūna''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1374 Sh. | ||
*Narāqī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad Mahdī. ''Miʿrāj al-saʿāda''. 6th edition. Qom: Intishārāt-i Hijrat, 1378 Sh. | *Narāqī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad Mahdī. ''Miʿrāj al-saʿāda''. 6th edition. Qom: Intishārāt-i Hijrat, 1378 Sh. | ||
*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Amālī''. | *Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Amālī''. First edition. Qom: Dār al-Thiqāfa, 1414 AH. | ||
*Ṭabrisī, Ḥasan b. al-Faḍl al-. ''Makārim al-akhlāq''. | *Ṭabrisī, Ḥasan b. al-Faḍl al-. ''Makārim al-akhlāq''. Fourth edition. Qom: al-Sharif al-Raḍī, 1412 AH. | ||
*Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Muḥammad Jawād Balāghī. | *Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Muḥammad Jawād Balāghī. Third edition. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Nāṣir Khusraw, 1372 Sh. | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
{{Ethic}} | {{Ethic}} |