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La hukm illa li-llah: Difference between revisions
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==Meaning== | ==Meaning== | ||
"La hukm illa li-llah" was the [[Kharijite]] slogan in opposition to [[ | "La hukm illa li-llah" was the [[Kharijite]] slogan in opposition to [[Imam Ali (a)]].<ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 6; Ashʿarī, ''Kitāb al-maqālāt wa al-firaq'', p. 5.</ref> Due to their use of this slogan, they came to be known as "muhakkima".<ref>Shūshtarī, ''Iḥqāq al-ḥaqq'', vol. 32, p. 523.</ref> The term "hukm" in this slogan is interpreted as arbitration (tahkim), meaning that none but [[God]] can be an arbiter.<ref>Farāhīdī, ''Kitāb al-ʿayn'', vol. 3, p. 67; Azharī, ''Tahdhīb al-lugha'', vol. 4, p. 70- 71.</ref> The slogan is derived from the [[Quran|Quranic]] phrase "In al-hukm illa li-llah" (Sovereignty belongs only to Allah), which appears in several [[verse|verses]] of the Quran.<ref>Qur'ān 6: 57; 12: 40, 67.</ref> In the Kharijite interpretation, this phrase was understood as a rejection of any rule or arbitration by anyone other than God.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Payām-i Imām Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a)'', vol. 2, p. 432.</ref> | ||
==Initial Uses== | ==Initial Uses== | ||
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When the arbitration agreement was formed during the [[Battle of Siffin]] on Safar 17, [[37 AH|37]]/August 17, [[657]],<ref>Minqarī. ''Waqʿat Ṣiffīn'', p. 508.</ref> Imam Ali's (a) army returned to [[Kufa]]. However, a group of his soldiers, later known as the [[Kharijites]], separated from his army, chanting the slogan "ruling is for none but Allah". They settled in Harura, near Kufa, and refused to return.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 191.</ref> They even threatened to denounce the Imam (a) and fight against him if he did not revoke the [[arbitration]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam'', vol. 5, p. 72; Ibn Miskawayh, ''Tajārub al-umam'', vol. 1, p. 555- 556.</ref> | When the arbitration agreement was formed during the [[Battle of Siffin]] on Safar 17, [[37 AH|37]]/August 17, [[657]],<ref>Minqarī. ''Waqʿat Ṣiffīn'', p. 508.</ref> Imam Ali's (a) army returned to [[Kufa]]. However, a group of his soldiers, later known as the [[Kharijites]], separated from his army, chanting the slogan "ruling is for none but Allah". They settled in Harura, near Kufa, and refused to return.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 191.</ref> They even threatened to denounce the Imam (a) and fight against him if he did not revoke the [[arbitration]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam'', vol. 5, p. 72; Ibn Miskawayh, ''Tajārub al-umam'', vol. 1, p. 555- 556.</ref> | ||
Relying on the slogan, "la hukm illa li-llah" they asked to cancel people's arbitration in matters of religion,<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 360.</ref> breach the treaty with [[Mu'awiya]], and continue to fight against him.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 100- 101.</ref> They claimed that they had [[Repentance|repented]] to God from the sin of having accepted arbitration at first. They believed that [[ | Relying on the slogan, "la hukm illa li-llah" they asked to cancel people's arbitration in matters of religion,<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 360.</ref> breach the treaty with [[Mu'awiya]], and continue to fight against him.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 100- 101.</ref> They claimed that they had [[Repentance|repented]] to God from the sin of having accepted arbitration at first. They believed that [[Imam Ali (a)]] and other [[muslim|Muslims]] were sinful and [[unbeliever|unbelievers]], asking them to repent to God; otherwise, they would fight them.<ref>Ibn al-Ṭiqṭaqī, ''al-Fakhrī, p. 99.''</ref> This was despite the fact that Imam Ali (a) opposed arbitration at first and had to accept it with the coercion and threat of his companions, including those who later joined the Kharijites. However, after having accepted the arbitration, he did not agree to violate the treaty.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam'', vol. 5, p. 49.</ref> [[Ibn Kawwa']], a Kharijite leader, was initially a proponent of arbitration. He was among those who had opposed to [['Abd Allah b. 'Abbas]] as the arbiter of the Kufan army and imposed [[Abu Musa al-Ash'ari]] on the Imam,<ref>Minqarī. ''Waqʿat Ṣiffīn'', p. 502.</ref> but later, along with [[Shabath b. Rib'i al-Tamimi]], he was among the first to reject human arbitration by the slogan "ruling is for none but Allah".<ref>Dhahabī, ''Tārīkh al-Islām'', vol. 3, p. 554.</ref> | ||
===Disputation with Imam Ali (a)=== | ===Disputation with Imam Ali (a)=== | ||
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The Kharijites, who initially restricted [[arbitration]] and judgment to God through the slogan "ruling is for none but Allah", later reinterpreted the slogan to mean that governance and rule also belong solely to God, and that neither Ali (a) nor Mu'awiya had the right to govern. As a result, they advocated for a society without a government.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Payām-i Imām Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a)'', vol. 2, p. 432.</ref> | The Kharijites, who initially restricted [[arbitration]] and judgment to God through the slogan "ruling is for none but Allah", later reinterpreted the slogan to mean that governance and rule also belong solely to God, and that neither Ali (a) nor Mu'awiya had the right to govern. As a result, they advocated for a society without a government.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Payām-i Imām Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a)'', vol. 2, p. 432.</ref> | ||
In the book ''al-Insaf fi masa'il dam fiha l-khilaf'', [[Ja'far Subhani|Ayatollah Sobhani]] argues that the necessity of having a government requires no proof or argument, as its importance is emphasized in hadiths transmitted from the Prophet (s) and the [[ | In the book ''al-Insaf fi masa'il dam fiha l-khilaf'', [[Ja'far Subhani|Ayatollah Sobhani]] argues that the necessity of having a government requires no proof or argument, as its importance is emphasized in hadiths transmitted from the Prophet (s) and the [[Infallible Imams (a)]].<ref>Subḥānī, ''al-Inṣāf'', vol. 3, p. 433.</ref> In an attempt to preserve [[monotheism]] and divine sovereignty, the Kharijites mistakenly rejected any form of human sovereignty and rule, declaring that governance belongs only to God.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Payām-i Imām Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a)'', vol. 2, p. 432.</ref> Other researchers suggest that the Kharijites, being Bedouins, lacked a proper understanding of [[Imamate]] and politics as something transcending any tribal ties, which led to their deviant interpretation of the slogan "ruling is for none but Allah".<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 100- 101.</ref> | ||
===Imam Ali's (a) Response=== | ===Imam Ali's (a) Response=== | ||