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Sadd al-Abwab: Difference between revisions
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{{Imam 'Ali (a)-Vertical}} | {{Imam 'Ali (a)-Vertical}} | ||
'''Sadd al-Abwāb''' (Arabic:{{iarabic| | '''Sadd al-Abwāb''' (Arabic:{{iarabic| سَدُّ الاَبْواب}}, meaning: to close the doors) refers to the event that [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] ordered that all doors which were opened to [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|the mosque of Medina]] be closed except the door of [['Ali]]'s (a) house. This [[hadith]] is frequently narrated ([[Mutawatir]]) in [[Shi'a]] and [[Sunni]] sources. The event of Sadd al-Abwab is regarded as one of the [[:Category:Excellences of Imam Ali (a)|excellences of Imam Ali (a)]]. He referred to this event in the [[six-member council]] for assigning [[caliph]] after [['Umar b. al-Khattab]]. | ||
==Meaning== | ==Meaning== | ||
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Some scholar<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 232; Ibn Baṭrīq, ''ʿUmdat ʿuyūn ṣiḥāḥ al-akhbār'', p. 176; Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 204; Karakī, ''Taslīyat al-majālis'', vol. 1, p. 278.</ref> including [[al-Qadi al-Nu'man al-Maghribi]] said in his ''[[Sharh al-akhbar fi fada'il al-A'imma al-Athar (book)|Sharh al-akhbar]]'', "[[Al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|al-Abbas]], uncle of the Prophet (s), went to the Prophet (s) and said, 'Are you prohibiting [[Abu Bakr]], [['Umar]] and me, your uncle, while only allowed 'Ali to leave his door open to the mosque?!' The Prophet (s) said, 'it was the order of God.'"<ref>Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 205.</ref> Elsewhere, al-Qadi al-Nu'man said that this was a question of [[Hamza b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] from the Prophet (s).<ref>Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 196.</ref> [[Al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-'Amili]] (d. [[2019 CE|2019]]), has not considered this sentence by Hamza' as an objection to the Prophet (s), but a question about the secret behind this command.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam'', vol. 5, p. 344.</ref> | Some scholar<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 232; Ibn Baṭrīq, ''ʿUmdat ʿuyūn ṣiḥāḥ al-akhbār'', p. 176; Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 204; Karakī, ''Taslīyat al-majālis'', vol. 1, p. 278.</ref> including [[al-Qadi al-Nu'man al-Maghribi]] said in his ''[[Sharh al-akhbar fi fada'il al-A'imma al-Athar (book)|Sharh al-akhbar]]'', "[[Al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|al-Abbas]], uncle of the Prophet (s), went to the Prophet (s) and said, 'Are you prohibiting [[Abu Bakr]], [['Umar]] and me, your uncle, while only allowed 'Ali to leave his door open to the mosque?!' The Prophet (s) said, 'it was the order of God.'"<ref>Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 205.</ref> Elsewhere, al-Qadi al-Nu'man said that this was a question of [[Hamza b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] from the Prophet (s).<ref>Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 196.</ref> [[Al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-'Amili]] (d. [[2019 CE|2019]]), has not considered this sentence by Hamza' as an objection to the Prophet (s), but a question about the secret behind this command.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam'', vol. 5, p. 344.</ref> | ||
=== Time of Incident === | ===Time of Incident=== | ||
Exact time of the incident of Sadd al-Abwab is not mentioned in historical and hadith sources. [[Al-Majlisi]] has mentioned that it happened on the [[Day of 'Arafa]] without mentioning the year of its happening.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 97, p. 384.</ref> According to some names and other evidences, researchers have made speculations about the year of this incident and have proposed two major opinions: | Exact time of the incident of Sadd al-Abwab is not mentioned in historical and hadith sources. [[Al-Majlisi]] has mentioned that it happened on the [[Day of 'Arafa]] without mentioning the year of its happening.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 97, p. 384.</ref> According to some names and other evidences, researchers have made speculations about the year of this incident and have proposed two major opinions: | ||
* First years after [[Hijra|migration to Medina]] (circa 623 C.E.) : some, referring to the question of Hamza from the Prophet (s), have said that it happened in first years of Hijra.<ref>Suyūṭī, ''al-Durr al-manthūr'', vol. 6, p. 122; Shūshtarī, ''Iḥqāq al-ḥaqq'', vol. 16, p. 348.</ref> Mentioning the name of [[Ruqayya bt. Muhammad|Ruqayya]], daughter of the Prophet (s) in this story is a support for their opinion. In this report, it has been mentioned that [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] closed the door of his house to the mosque as well and that time, Ruqayya, his wife was still alive.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam'', vol. 5, p. 343.</ref> | *First years after [[Hijra|migration to Medina]] (circa 623 C.E.) : some, referring to the question of Hamza from the Prophet (s), have said that it happened in first years of Hijra.<ref>Suyūṭī, ''al-Durr al-manthūr'', vol. 6, p. 122; Shūshtarī, ''Iḥqāq al-ḥaqq'', vol. 16, p. 348.</ref> Mentioning the name of [[Ruqayya bt. Muhammad|Ruqayya]], daughter of the Prophet (s) in this story is a support for their opinion. In this report, it has been mentioned that [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] closed the door of his house to the mosque as well and that time, Ruqayya, his wife was still alive.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam'', vol. 5, p. 343.</ref> | ||
* Last years of the Prophet's (s) life and after the [[conquest of Mecca]] (632 C.E.): objection of [[Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|al-Abbas]], the Prophet's (s) uncle for closing the door of his house<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 232; Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 205; Karakī, ''Taslīyat al-majālis'', vol. 1, p. 278.</ref> shows that it was after the conquest of Mecca, because Abbas was settled in Medina after the conquest of Mecca.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam'', vol. 5, p. 344.</ref> Another issue which supports this opinion is its concurrence with [[Hadith of Manzila|hadith of Manzila]].<ref>Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 205.</ref> And even some believe that this hadith is mentioned to support hadith of Manzila.<ref>Yūsufī Gharawī, ''Mawsūʿat al-tārīkh al-Islāmī'', vol. 3, p.530.</ref> According to some historians, hadith of Manzilat was mentioned in different times,<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam'', vol. 29, p. 272-273.</ref> most important one of which was after the [[battle of Tabuk]].<ref>Ibn Ḥanbal, ''Musnad Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal'', vol. 1, p. 277; vol. 3, p. 417; vol. 7, p. 513, 591; Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 5, p. 129; Muslim Nayshābūrī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim'', vol. 2, p. 1870-1871; Tirmidhī, ''Sunan al-tirmidhī'', vol. 5, p. 638, 640-641; Nasā'ī, ''Sunan Nasā'ī'', p. 50-61; Ḥākim al-Nayshābūrī, ''al-Mustadrak'', vol. 3, p. 133-134; Ṭabarī, ''al-Rīyaḍ al-naḍara fī manāqib al-ʿashara'', vol. 3, p. 117-119; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 5, p. 78; Haythamī, ''Majmaʿ al-zawāʾid wa manbaʿ al-fawāʾid'', vol. 9, p. 110; ʿAynī, ''ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 16, p. 301; Suyūṭī, ''Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ'', p. 168; Suyūṭī, ''al-Durr al-manthūr'', vol. 3, p. 236, 291; Muttaqī Hindī, ''Kanz al-ʿummāl'', vol. 13, p. 163, 171, 172; Mīr Ḥāmid Ḥusayn. ''ʿAbaqāt al-anwār'', vol. 2, part 1, p. 29-59; Sharaf al-Dīn, ''al-Murājiʿāt'', p. 130; Ḥuusaynī Mīlānī, ''Nafaḥāt al-azhār'', vol. 18, p. 363-411.</ref> | *Last years of the Prophet's (s) life and after the [[conquest of Mecca]] (632 C.E.): objection of [[Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|al-Abbas]], the Prophet's (s) uncle for closing the door of his house<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 232; Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 205; Karakī, ''Taslīyat al-majālis'', vol. 1, p. 278.</ref> shows that it was after the conquest of Mecca, because Abbas was settled in Medina after the conquest of Mecca.<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam'', vol. 5, p. 344.</ref> Another issue which supports this opinion is its concurrence with [[Hadith of Manzila|hadith of Manzila]].<ref>Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 205.</ref> And even some believe that this hadith is mentioned to support hadith of Manzila.<ref>Yūsufī Gharawī, ''Mawsūʿat al-tārīkh al-Islāmī'', vol. 3, p.530.</ref> According to some historians, hadith of Manzilat was mentioned in different times,<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam'', vol. 29, p. 272-273.</ref> most important one of which was after the [[battle of Tabuk]].<ref>Ibn Ḥanbal, ''Musnad Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal'', vol. 1, p. 277; vol. 3, p. 417; vol. 7, p. 513, 591; Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 5, p. 129; Muslim Nayshābūrī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim'', vol. 2, p. 1870-1871; Tirmidhī, ''Sunan al-tirmidhī'', vol. 5, p. 638, 640-641; Nasā'ī, ''Sunan Nasā'ī'', p. 50-61; Ḥākim al-Nayshābūrī, ''al-Mustadrak'', vol. 3, p. 133-134; Ṭabarī, ''al-Rīyaḍ al-naḍara fī manāqib al-ʿashara'', vol. 3, p. 117-119; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 5, p. 78; Haythamī, ''Majmaʿ al-zawāʾid wa manbaʿ al-fawāʾid'', vol. 9, p. 110; ʿAynī, ''ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 16, p. 301; Suyūṭī, ''Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ'', p. 168; Suyūṭī, ''al-Durr al-manthūr'', vol. 3, p. 236, 291; Muttaqī Hindī, ''Kanz al-ʿummāl'', vol. 13, p. 163, 171, 172; Mīr Ḥāmid Ḥusayn. ''ʿAbaqāt al-anwār'', vol. 2, part 1, p. 29-59; Sharaf al-Dīn, ''al-Murājiʿāt'', p. 130; Ḥuusaynī Mīlānī, ''Nafaḥāt al-azhār'', vol. 18, p. 363-411.</ref> | ||
==Hadith's Chain of Transmission== | ==Hadith's Chain of Transmission== | ||
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The hadith Sadd al-Abwab is regarded as a special privilege of [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]]; a desire for everybody. [[Hakim al-Nishaburi]] has narrated this hadith and expressed that Sadd al-Abwab is among [[Sahih (Hadith)|Sahih]] (authentic) hadiths: "As narrated from [['Umar b. al-Khattab]]: | The hadith Sadd al-Abwab is regarded as a special privilege of [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]]; a desire for everybody. [[Hakim al-Nishaburi]] has narrated this hadith and expressed that Sadd al-Abwab is among [[Sahih (Hadith)|Sahih]] (authentic) hadiths: "As narrated from [['Umar b. al-Khattab]]: | ||
:'Ali was gifted with three attributes, I wished I had only one of them: | :'Ali was gifted with three attributes, I wished I had only one of them: | ||
:# Marrying [[Lady Fatima (a)]], | :#Marrying [[Lady Fatima (a)]], | ||
:# Settling in Masjid al-Nabi and having what Prophet Muhammad (s) had (as the result of keeping the door of his house open), | :#Settling in Masjid al-Nabi and having what Prophet Muhammad (s) had (as the result of keeping the door of his house open), | ||
:# Prophet Muhammad (s) gave him the flag of Muslims' army in the [[battle of Khaybar]]."<ref>Ḥākim al-Nayshābūrī, ''al-Mustadrak'', vol. 3, p. 125.</ref> | :#Prophet Muhammad (s) gave him the flag of Muslims' army in the [[battle of Khaybar]]."<ref>Ḥākim al-Nayshābūrī, ''al-Mustadrak'', vol. 3, p. 125.</ref> | ||
In addition, according to a narration from [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]]: "'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was given three privileges, which I strongly desired: | In addition, according to a narration from [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]]: "'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was given three privileges, which I strongly desired: | ||
# He was married to Lady Fatima (a), and then they were the parents of [[Hasan (a)]] and [[Husayn (a)]]; | #He was married to Lady Fatima (a), and then they were the parents of [[Hasan (a)]] and [[Husayn (a)]]; | ||
# In the battle of Khaybar, Prophet Muhammad (s) said: "I will give the flag of Muslims' army to a person who is loved by God and his Prophet." and it was given to 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a); | #In the battle of Khaybar, Prophet Muhammad (s) said: "I will give the flag of Muslims' army to a person who is loved by God and his Prophet." and it was given to 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a); | ||
# God ordered to close all the doors of houses leading to Masjid al-Nabi except for 'Ali's house."<ref>Ibn Ḥanbal, ''Musnad Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal'', vol. 2, p. 26.</ref> | #God ordered to close all the doors of houses leading to Masjid al-Nabi except for 'Ali's house."<ref>Ibn Ḥanbal, ''Musnad Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal'', vol. 2, p. 26.</ref> | ||
===Referring to Sadd al-Abwab=== | ===Referring to Sadd al-Abwab=== | ||