Ayatollah: Difference between revisions
tag:note
(date check = done) |
(tag:note) Tag: Reverted |
||
| Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
Titles such as, [[thiqat al-Islam]], [[hujjat al-Islam]] and ayatollah were first used for specific individuals as expressions of respect and all these titles remained exclusive to those certain scholars for several centuries. In the fourth/tenth century, the title, "thiqat al-Islam" was given to [[al-Kulayni]]. In the fifth/eleventh century, the title "hujjat al-Islam" was given to [[Muhammad al-Ghazali]]. In the seventh/thirteenth century, the title "al-muhaqqiq" was given to [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli]]. | Titles such as, [[thiqat al-Islam]], [[hujjat al-Islam]] and ayatollah were first used for specific individuals as expressions of respect and all these titles remained exclusive to those certain scholars for several centuries. In the fourth/tenth century, the title, "thiqat al-Islam" was given to [[al-Kulayni]]. In the fifth/eleventh century, the title "hujjat al-Islam" was given to [[Muhammad al-Ghazali]]. In the seventh/thirteenth century, the title "al-muhaqqiq" was given to [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli]]. | ||
[[Al-'Allama al-Hilli]] (d. 726/1325), was the first scholar to be given the title of "ayatollah". [[Sharaf al-Din Shulistani]], [[al-Shaykh al-Baha'i]] and [[al-'Allama al-Majlisi]], mention al-'Allama al-Hilli with the title: Ayatollah fi al-'Alamin (the sign of [[Allah]] in the worlds). Al-'Alamma al-Majlisi uses the same title for [[al-Shahid al-Awwal]]. | [[Al-'Allama al-Hilli]] (d. 726/1325), was the first scholar to be given the title of "ayatollah". [[Sharaf al-Din Shulistani]],<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 107, p. 36.</ref> [[al-Shaykh al-Baha'i]]<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 106, p. 146.</ref> and [[al-'Allama al-Majlisi]],<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 107, p. 79.</ref> mention al-'Allama al-Hilli with the title: Ayatollah fi al-'Alamin (the sign of [[Allah]] in the worlds). Al-'Alamma al-Majlisi uses the same title for [[al-Shahid al-Awwal]]. | ||
==In the fourteenth/twentieth Century== | ==In the fourteenth/twentieth Century== | ||
In the early fourteenth/twentieth century, the title, "ayatollah" was used for someone else for the first time: [[Mirza Husayn Nuri]] (b. [[1254]]/1839 - d. [[1320]]/1902) gave the title to [[al-Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi Bahr al-'Ulum]]. After a few decades, [[Shaykh 'Abbas Qummi]] used the title of "ayatollah" for [[al-Shaykh Murtada al-Ansari]], [[Shaykh Husayn Najaf]] and [[al-Sayyid Muhammad Hasan al-Shirazi]]. At the time of [[Mashruta]] (Persian Constitutional Revolution) (1905 - 1911), historians used the title for [[al-Akhund al-Khurasani]], [[Mirza Husayn Khalili Tihrani]], [[Shaykh 'Abd Allah Mazandarani]] and others. Before this time, all [[marja']]s were officially referred to with the title [[hujjat al-Islam]]. | In the early fourteenth/twentieth century, the title, "ayatollah" was used for someone else for the first time: [[Mirza Husayn Nuri]] (b. [[1254]]/1839 - d. [[1320]]/1902) gave the title to [[al-Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi Bahr al-'Ulum]].<ref>Nūrī, ''Khātima al-mustadrak al-wasāʾil'', vol. 2, p. 44.</ref> After a few decades, [[Shaykh 'Abbas Qummi]] used the title of "ayatollah" for [[al-Shaykh Murtada al-Ansari]], [[Shaykh Husayn Najaf]]<ref> Qummī, ''al-Kunā wa l-alqāb'', vol. 2, p. 397.</ref> and [[al-Sayyid Muhammad Hasan al-Shirazi]].<ref>Qummī, ''al-Kunā wa l-alqāb'', vol. 3, p. 224.</ref> At the time of [[Mashruta]] (Persian Constitutional Revolution) (1905 - 1911), historians used the title for [[al-Akhund al-Khurasani]], [[Mirza Husayn Khalili Tihrani]], [[Shaykh 'Abd Allah Mazandarani]] and others.<ref> Narāqī, ''Kāshān dar junbish-i mashrūṭa-yi Irān'', p. 46- 47; Nāẓim al-Islām Kirmānī, ''Tārīkh-i bidārī-yi Irānīan'', p. 88; Kasrawī, ''Tārīkh-i masyrūṭa-yi Irān'', vol. 2, p. 371.</ref> Before this time, all [[marja']]s were officially referred to with the title [[hujjat al-Islam]]. | ||
===Ayatollah al-'Uzma (Grand Ayatollah)=== | ===Ayatollah al-'Uzma (Grand Ayatollah)=== | ||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* Kasrawī, Aḥmad. ''Tārīkh-i masyrūṭa-yi Irān''. Tehran: 1356 Sh. | * Kasrawī, Aḥmad. ''Tārīkh-i masyrūṭa-yi Irān''. Tehran: 1356 Sh. | ||
* Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH. | * Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH. | ||
* Narāqī, Ḥasan. ''Kāshān dar junbish-i mashrūṭa-yi Irān''. Tehran: 1355 Sh. | * Narāqī, Ḥasan. ''Kāshān dar junbish-i mashrūṭa-yi Irān''. Tehran: 1355 Sh. | ||
* Nāẓim al-Islām Kirmānī, Muḥammad. ''Tārīkh-i bidārī-yi Irānīan''. Edited by Ali Akbar Sa'idi Sirjani. Tehran: 1362 Sh. | * Nāẓim al-Islām Kirmānī, Muḥammad. ''Tārīkh-i bidārī-yi Irānīan''. Edited by Ali Akbar Sa'idi Sirjani. Tehran: 1362 Sh. | ||
* Nūrī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad Taqī. ''Khātima al-mustadrak al-wasāʾil''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1408 AH. | * Nūrī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad Taqī. ''Khātima al-mustadrak al-wasāʾil''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1408 AH. | ||
* Qummī, Shaykh ʿAbbās. ''Al-Kunā wa l-alqāb''. Tehran: Maktabat al-Ṣadr, 1409 AH. | * Qummī, Shaykh ʿAbbās. ''Al-Kunā wa l-alqāb''. Tehran: Maktabat al-Ṣadr, 1409 AH. | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||