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Murder of Uthman: Difference between revisions
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'''The murder of | '''The murder of ʿUthmān''', the third Muslim caliph, by the people who revolted against him marked the beginning of civil wars among Muslims and reignited the conflicts between the [[Umayyads]] and the [[Hashimites]]. | ||
Toward the end of his [[caliphate]], Uthman appointed his relatives to various administrational positions and would bestow upon them great amounts from public treasuries such that, it is said, he sought to establish an Umayyad empire. | Toward the end of his [[caliphate]], Uthman appointed his relatives to various administrational positions and would bestow upon them great amounts from public treasuries such that, it is said, he sought to establish an Umayyad empire. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Name !! Relation to Uthman !! Position | !Name!!Relation to Uthman!!Position | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Al-Walid b. Uqba || Maternal brother || Governor of Kufa<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 139.</ref> | |Al-Walid b. Uqba||Maternal brother||Governor of Kufa<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 139.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Abd Allah b. Amir || Cousin || Governor of Basra<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 139.</ref> | |Abd Allah b. Amir||Cousin||Governor of Basra<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 139.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Abd Allah b. Abi Sarh || Foster brother|| Governor of Egypt<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 139.</ref> | |Abd Allah b. Abi Sarh||Foster brother||Governor of Egypt<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 139.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan]] || An Umayyad || Governor of Syria<ref>Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ, ''Tārīkh-i Khalīfa'', p. 106.</ref> | |[[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan]]||An Umayyad||Governor of Syria<ref>Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ, ''Tārīkh-i Khalīfa'', p. 106.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Marwan b. al-Hakam]] || Cousin || Scribe<ref>Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ, ''Tārīkh-i Khalīfa'', p. 106.</ref> | |[[Marwan b. al-Hakam]]||Cousin||Scribe<ref>Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ, ''Tārīkh-i Khalīfa'', p. 106.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Sa'id b. al-As || An Umayyad || Governor of Kufa<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 2, p. 622.</ref> | |Sa'id b. al-As||An Umayyad||Governor of Kufa<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 2, p. 622.</ref> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Uthaman's Repentance=== | ===Uthaman's Repentance=== | ||
When the protesters reached near [[Medina]], Uthman asked [[Imam Ali (a)]] to mediate between them and and request the protesters to return.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 7, p. 170-171.</ref> As a result of the Imam's mediation, a pact was made between Uthman and the the protesters that if they return, | When the protesters reached near [[Medina]], Uthman asked [[Imam Ali (a)]] to mediate between them and and request the protesters to return.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 7, p. 170-171.</ref> As a result of the Imam's mediation, a pact was made between Uthman and the the protesters that if they return, | ||
* the banished individuals would be allowed to return to their hometowns, | *the banished individuals would be allowed to return to their hometowns, | ||
* public treasuries would be distributed justly, and | *public treasuries would be distributed justly, and | ||
* trustworthy people would be appointed to administrational positions. | *trustworthy people would be appointed to administrational positions. | ||
After making this pact, Uthman delivered a speech and repented from his past conduct. Eventually the protesters agreed to return to their towns.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 7, p. 170-171.</ref> | After making this pact, Uthman delivered a speech and repented from his past conduct. Eventually the protesters agreed to return to their towns.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 7, p. 170-171.</ref> | ||
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'Uthman’s murder had consequences, including: | 'Uthman’s murder had consequences, including: | ||
* '''Preparing the ground for the wars during Imam 'Ali’s (a) caliphate''': according to historians, the [[Battle of Jamal]] was launched by 'A'isha, Talha, and Zubayr under the pretext of avenging 'Uthman’s murder.<ref>See: Ibn al-Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 3, p. 205-208.</ref> Imam 'Ali (a) wrote a letter to them, in which he clarified that he had no role in 'Uthman’s murder and that were not truthful in 'Uthman’s vengeance.<ref>''Nahj al-balāgha'', Ṣubḥī Ṣaliḥ, letter 54.</ref> Moreover, Imam 'Ali (a) said about [[Talha]] and [[Zubayr]] that they seek a right that they disavowed and they pretend the vengeance of a blood that they have shed.<ref>''Nahj al-balāgha'', Ṣubḥī Ṣaliḥ, sermon 22.</ref> | *'''Preparing the ground for the wars during Imam 'Ali’s (a) caliphate''': according to historians, the [[Battle of Jamal]] was launched by 'A'isha, Talha, and Zubayr under the pretext of avenging 'Uthman’s murder.<ref>See: Ibn al-Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 3, p. 205-208.</ref> Imam 'Ali (a) wrote a letter to them, in which he clarified that he had no role in 'Uthman’s murder and that were not truthful in 'Uthman’s vengeance.<ref>''Nahj al-balāgha'', Ṣubḥī Ṣaliḥ, letter 54.</ref> Moreover, Imam 'Ali (a) said about [[Talha]] and [[Zubayr]] that they seek a right that they disavowed and they pretend the vengeance of a blood that they have shed.<ref>''Nahj al-balāgha'', Ṣubḥī Ṣaliḥ, sermon 22.</ref> | ||
* '''Escalation of disputes between Banu Umayya and [[Banu Hashim]]''': Banu Umayya used 'Uthman’s murder as a pretext to revive their superiority and power among Arabs.<ref>Gharīb, ''Khilāfat ʿUthmān'', p. 165.</ref> They masqueraded as avengers of 'Uthman, introducing 'Ali (a) as the culprit in his murder.<ref>Gharīb, ''Khilāfat ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān'', p. 152.</ref> According to [[Rasul Ja'fariyan]], 'Uthman’s death was most beneficial to [[Mu'awiya]].<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Tārīkh-i khulafā'', p. 178.</ref> After 'Uthman’s murder, he delivered a speech on the minbar, declaring himself as the avenger of 'Uthman’s blood.<ref>Naṣr b. Muzāhim, ''Waqʿat Ṣiffīn'', p. 81.</ref> He used the cut fingers of Na'ila, 'Uthman’s wife, as well as [['Uthman's Shirt]] to stir the anger of the people of al-Sham.<ref>Ibn Ṭaqṭaqī, ''al-Fakhrī'', p. 104.</ref> | *'''Escalation of disputes between Banu Umayya and [[Banu Hashim]]''': Banu Umayya used 'Uthman’s murder as a pretext to revive their superiority and power among Arabs.<ref>Gharīb, ''Khilāfat ʿUthmān'', p. 165.</ref> They masqueraded as avengers of 'Uthman, introducing 'Ali (a) as the culprit in his murder.<ref>Gharīb, ''Khilāfat ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān'', p. 152.</ref> According to [[Rasul Ja'fariyan]], 'Uthman’s death was most beneficial to [[Mu'awiya]].<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Tārīkh-i khulafā'', p. 178.</ref> After 'Uthman’s murder, he delivered a speech on the minbar, declaring himself as the avenger of 'Uthman’s blood.<ref>Naṣr b. Muzāhim, ''Waqʿat Ṣiffīn'', p. 81.</ref> He used the cut fingers of Na'ila, 'Uthman’s wife, as well as [['Uthman's Shirt]] to stir the anger of the people of al-Sham.<ref>Ibn Ṭaqṭaqī, ''al-Fakhrī'', p. 104.</ref> | ||
* '''Formation of Nasibism''': it is said that [[Nasibism]] began with 'Uthman’s murder and became official in the [[Umayyad government]].<ref>Kawtharī, ''barrasī-yi risha-hā-yi tārīkhī-yi Naṣībī-garī'', p. 99.</ref> | *'''Formation of Nasibism''': it is said that [[Nasibism]] began with 'Uthman’s murder and became official in the [[Umayyad government]].<ref>Kawtharī, ''barrasī-yi risha-hā-yi tārīkhī-yi Naṣībī-garī'', p. 99.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||