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Lunar Hijri Calendar: Difference between revisions
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'''The lunar | '''The lunar Hijri calendar''' is a calendar based on the cycles of the Moon’s phases and is used, among other things, to organize Islamic rituals. This calendar begins its count from 622 CE when [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] emigrated from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]]. This year was reportedly chosen as the first year of the [[Muslim]] calendar during the [[caliphate]] of [[Umar]] with the suggestion of [[Imam Ali (a)]]. | ||
A lunar | A lunar Hijri year has 354 or 355 days; it is ten or eleven days shorter than a solar Hijri year. The first month in this calendar is [[Muharram]], and the last month is [[Dhu l-Hijja]]. According to some [[hadiths]], the [[month of Ramadan]] is the first month of the Hijri lunar year, and thus religious practices and rituals begin, in some prayer books, with the rites of the month of Ramadan and end with the practices of the [[month of Sha'ban]]. [[Al-Sayyid b. Tawus]], a renowned [[Shia]] scholar in the seventh/thirteenth century, held that the month of Ramadan was probably the beginning of the religious calendar and the month of Muharram was the beginning of the ordinary calendar. | ||
The months in a lunar Hijri year are in the following order: [[Muharram]], [[Safar]], [[Rabi' I]], [[Rabi' II]], [[Jumada I]], [[Jumada II]], [[Rajab]], [[Sha'ban]], [[Ramadan]], [[Shawwal]], [[Dhu l-Qa'da]], and [[Dhu l-Hijja]]. | The months in a lunar Hijri year are in the following order: [[Muharram]], [[Safar]], [[Rabi' I]], [[Rabi' II]], [[Jumada I]], [[Jumada II]], [[Rajab]], [[Sha'ban]], [[Ramadan]], [[Shawwal]], [[Dhu l-Qa'da]], and [[Dhu l-Hijja]]. | ||
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==Months== | ==Months== | ||
The lunar Hijri year contains twelve months,<ref>See: Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 188-189.</ref> with each month containing twenty-nine or thirty days. However, whether a given month contains twenty-nine or thirty days is determined based on moon phases and, therefore, is not fixed.<ref>ʿAbdullāhī, ''Muʿarrifī-yi du taqwīm-i dāʾimī-yi jadid gāhshumārī-hā-yi | The lunar Hijri year contains twelve months,<ref>See: Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 188-189.</ref> with each month containing twenty-nine or thirty days. However, whether a given month contains twenty-nine or thirty days is determined based on moon phases and, therefore, is not fixed.<ref>ʿAbdullāhī, ''Muʿarrifī-yi du taqwīm-i dāʾimī-yi jadid gāhshumārī-hā-yi Hijrī shamsī wa Hijrī qamarī'', p. 734, note. 2.</ref> Nevertheless, in conventional lunar Hijri calendars, the odd months are considered thirty days and the even months twenty-nine days. The last month in leap years is always thirty days. | ||
The number of days in a lunar year is ten or eleven days less than that of solar years. Therefore, the number of days in an ordinary lunar year is 354, and in a leap year, 355.<ref>ʿAbdullāhī, ''Muʿarrifī-yi du taqwīm-i dāʾimī-yi jadīd gāhshumārī-hā-yi | The number of days in a lunar year is ten or eleven days less than that of solar years. Therefore, the number of days in an ordinary lunar year is 354, and in a leap year, 355.<ref>ʿAbdullāhī, ''Muʿarrifī-yi du taqwīm-i dāʾimī-yi jadīd gāhshumārī-hā-yi Hijrī shamsī wa Hijrī qamarī'', p. 734-735.</ref> | ||
According to [[Ali b al-Husayn al-Mas'udi]], a historian of the fourth/tenth century, the Arabs of the [[Age of Ignorance]] would add one month to the lunar year every three years, and this is what the [[Quran]] calls "nasīʾ" and criticizes. <ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 189.</ref> | According to [[Ali b al-Husayn al-Mas'udi]], a historian of the fourth/tenth century, the Arabs of the [[Age of Ignorance]] would add one month to the lunar year every three years, and this is what the [[Quran]] calls "nasīʾ" and criticizes. <ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 189.</ref> | ||
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* [https://www.sustg.com/saudi-arabia-switches-to-gregorian-calendar/ Saudi Arabia Switches to Gregorian Calendar]. Accessed: 2024/02/22. | * [https://www.sustg.com/saudi-arabia-switches-to-gregorian-calendar/ Saudi Arabia Switches to Gregorian Calendar]. Accessed: 2024/02/22. | ||
* Granville Freeman. ''Taqwīm-hā-yi Islāmī wa Masīḥī wa jadwal-hā-yi tabdīl-i ānhā bi yikdīgar''. Translated to Farsi by Firiydūn Badrihʾī. ''Taḥqīqāt-i kitābdārī wa iṭṭilāʿrisānī-yi dānishgāhī'' 2 (1374 Sh). | * Granville Freeman. ''Taqwīm-hā-yi Islāmī wa Masīḥī wa jadwal-hā-yi tabdīl-i ānhā bi yikdīgar''. Translated to Farsi by Firiydūn Badrihʾī. ''Taḥqīqāt-i kitābdārī wa iṭṭilāʿrisānī-yi dānishgāhī'' 2 (1374 Sh). | ||
* ʿAbdullāhī, Riḍā. ''Muʿarrifī-yi du taqwīm-i dāʾimī-yi jadīd gāhshumārī-hā-yi | * ʿAbdullāhī, Riḍā. ''Muʿarrifī-yi du taqwīm-i dāʾimī-yi jadīd gāhshumārī-hā-yi Hijrī shamsī wa Hijrī qamarī''. ''Gawhar'' 8 (1352 Sh). | ||
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