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The book '''''Al-Tawḥid'''''(التوحید) is one of early and significant [[Shi'a]] [[Imamiyya]] theological sources which is compiled by the reputable [[Muhaddith]] of fourth/tenth century, Muhammad b. Ali b. Babiwayh, famously known as: [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]]. This book is about [[Tawhid]] in its general sense (knowing about [[Allah]]) and comprises narrations about the unity of the Divine essence, affirmation and negation attitudes in understanding Divine attributes, attributes of essence and attributes of action and their relation to the Divine essence, eternity and temporality, predestination and divine providence, determinism and absolute freewill and the related topics. | The book '''''Al-Tawḥid''''' (التوحید) is one of early and significant [[Shi'a]] [[Imamiyya]] theological sources which is compiled by the reputable [[Muhaddith]] of fourth/tenth century, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babiwayh, famously known as: [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]]. This book is about [[Tawhid]] in its general sense (knowing about [[Allah]]) and comprises narrations about the unity of the Divine essence, affirmation and negation attitudes in understanding Divine attributes, attributes of essence and attributes of action and their relation to the Divine essence, eternity and temporality, predestination and divine providence, determinism and absolute freewill and the related topics. | ||
This book is a [[hadith collection]] wherein al-Shaykh al-Saduq, with the slightest degree of interference in the texts of Narrations, presents theological discussions. His motive for compiling such a book was to respond to accusations which were made against Shi'a beliefs by the enemies of Shi'a. this book has always been at the center of Shi'a scholars' attention as one of the most authentic [[hadith]] sources whose content would be cited for various theological discussions. | This book is a [[hadith collection]] wherein al-Shaykh al-Saduq, with the slightest degree of interference in the texts of Narrations, presents theological discussions. His motive for compiling such a book was to respond to accusations which were made against Shi'a beliefs by the enemies of Shi'a. this book has always been at the center of Shi'a scholars' attention as one of the most authentic [[hadith]] sources whose content would be cited for various theological discussions. | ||
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==Author== | ==Author== | ||
{{Main|al-Shaykh al-Saduq}} | {{Main|al-Shaykh al-Saduq}} | ||
'''Abu Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn | '''Abu Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn 'Ali ibn Al-Ḥusayn ibn Mūsā al-Qummī''' (ابوجعفر محمد بن علي بن الحسين بن موسی القمي) (after 305/917 — 381/991), commonly known as '''al-Shaykh al-Saduq''' (الشيخ الصدوق), or '''Ibn Babawayh''' (ابن بابويه), was one of the greatest Shiʿa [[traditionist|traditionists]] and the compiler of ''[[Man la yahduruh al-faqih]]'', one of [[the Four Books]] of the Shi'a. | ||
Al-Shaykh al-Saduq was the most prominent traditionist and scholar of the [[hadith school of Qom]]. Al-Saduq began teaching and narrating hadith from a young age, and continued to do so during his travels. He had many students, and many scholars narrate [[hadith]] on his authority. His epithet, al-Saduq (the Truthful), indicates his reliability as a transmitter of [[hadith]] in the eyes of Shi'a scholars. | Al-Shaykh al-Saduq was the most prominent traditionist and scholar of the [[hadith school of Qom]]. Al-Saduq began teaching and narrating hadith from a young age, and continued to do so during his travels. He had many students, and many scholars narrate [[hadith]] on his authority. His epithet, al-Saduq (the Truthful), indicates his reliability as a transmitter of [[hadith]] in the eyes of Shi'a scholars. | ||
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==Significant== | ==Significant== | ||
===Background=== | ===Background=== | ||
The title al-Tawhid in early centuries of [[Islam]], had been an indication of theological outlines and directions of different sects and schools; for the same reason, many theorists in different [[Islamic sects]] used such manifestos with the title: al-Tawhid, to introduce the teachings of their sect. some of such theorists are as follows: some figures among [[Khawarij]], some of [[Mu'tazila]]s, [[Hisham b. Hakam]] (the known pupil of [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] [[Hasan b. Musa Nawbakhti]] (Imami theologian in fourth/tenth century) and Hasan b. Salih b. Hay (from [[Zaydi]]s). Likewise, [[Hadith]] promoters from among [[Sunni]]s and [[Shi'a]], set forth particular books with the title: al-Tawhid to present their opinions based on verses of the Holy [[Qur'an]] and Narrations. Apart from ''[[al-Tawhid lil-Mufaddal]]'' -that is believed to be dictated by Imam al-Sadiq (a)- some individuals like: [[Ibn Abi al-Khattab]] (d.262) and [[Ali b. Husayn Babiwayh]] (d.329), the father of [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]], have authored books about al-Tawhid. | The title al-Tawhid in early centuries of [[Islam]], had been an indication of theological outlines and directions of different sects and schools; for the same reason, many theorists in different [[Islamic sects]] used such manifestos with the title: al-Tawhid, to introduce the teachings of their sect. some of such theorists are as follows: some figures among [[Khawarij]], some of [[Mu'tazila]]s, [[Hisham b. Hakam]] (the known pupil of [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] [[Hasan b. Musa Nawbakhti]] (Imami theologian in fourth/tenth century) and Hasan b. Salih b. Hay (from [[Zaydi]]s). Likewise, [[Hadith]] promoters from among [[Sunni]]s and [[Shi'a]], set forth particular books with the title: al-Tawhid to present their opinions based on verses of the Holy [[Qur'an]] and Narrations. Apart from ''[[al-Tawhid lil-Mufaddal]]'' -that is believed to be dictated by Imam al-Sadiq (a)- some individuals like: [[Ibn Abi al-Khattab]] (d.262) and [['Ali b. Husayn Babiwayh]] (d.329), the father of [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]], have authored books about al-Tawhid. | ||
In addition to this, within [[Hadith collections]] like ''[[al-Kafi]]'', a specific chapter titled: al-Tawhid, is dedicated to this topic. Similar situation existed among Sunnis from late third to fourth centuries; in addition to Ibn Khuzayma, some individuals like: Ibn Minda (310-395) in ''al-Tawhid wa ma'rifat asma' Allah ta'ala'', and Hfiz Darqutni in: (306-385) in: ''al-Tawhid wa al-sifat'' and each of [[Bukhari]], [[Muslim]], [[Abu Dawud]] and [[Ibn Maja]] within their Hadith collections and under titles like: Kitab al-Iman (the chapter on Faith) or al-rad ala al-jahmiyya (refuting [[Jahmiyya]]) have dealt with the issues of [[Tawhid]] and divine attributes. | In addition to this, within [[Hadith collections]] like ''[[al-Kafi]]'', a specific chapter titled: al-Tawhid, is dedicated to this topic. Similar situation existed among Sunnis from late third to fourth centuries; in addition to Ibn Khuzayma, some individuals like: Ibn Minda (310-395) in ''al-Tawhid wa ma'rifat asma' Allah ta'ala'', and Hfiz Darqutni in: (306-385) in: ''al-Tawhid wa al-sifat'' and each of [[Bukhari]], [[Muslim]], [[Abu Dawud]] and [[Ibn Maja]] within their Hadith collections and under titles like: Kitab al-Iman (the chapter on Faith) or al-rad ala al-jahmiyya (refuting [[Jahmiyya]]) have dealt with the issues of [[Tawhid]] and divine attributes. | ||
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==Commentaries== | ==Commentaries== | ||
Considering its great theological position, many commentaries have been written on al-Tawhid. In 1083/1673, Sayyid Muhammad Khalil b. Rukn al-Din Husayni Kashani, a student of Mulla Muhsin Fayd Kashani, finished his concise philosophical-theological commentary on the book. In eleventh/seventeenth century, Shah Muhammad b. Shams al-Din Muhammad Istahbanati Shirazi wrote a translation along a short explanation on al-Tawhid, titled: Hal al-'aqa'id. Mulla Muhammad Baqir, famous as Muhaqqiq Sabziwari (d.1090/1680) wrote a Persian commentary on it. Qadi Sa'id Qummi paid special attention to the philosophical, theological and mystical bases within the book and wrote an extensive commentary on al-Tawhid. Sayyid Ni'mat Aallah Jaza'iri wrote a double titled work as a commentary on al-Tawhid, the two titles are: Nur al-barahin fi bayan akhbar al-sadat al-tahirin and Anis al-wahid fi sharh al-Tawhid. Also Amir Ali Na'ib al-Sidara wrote a commentary on al-Tawhid. | Considering its great theological position, many commentaries have been written on al-Tawhid. In 1083/1673, Sayyid Muhammad Khalil b. Rukn al-Din Husayni Kashani, a student of Mulla Muhsin Fayd Kashani, finished his concise philosophical-theological commentary on the book. In eleventh/seventeenth century, Shah Muhammad b. Shams al-Din Muhammad Istahbanati Shirazi wrote a translation along a short explanation on al-Tawhid, titled: Hal al-'aqa'id. Mulla Muhammad Baqir, famous as Muhaqqiq Sabziwari (d.1090/1680) wrote a Persian commentary on it. Qadi Sa'id Qummi paid special attention to the philosophical, theological and mystical bases within the book and wrote an extensive commentary on al-Tawhid. Sayyid Ni'mat Aallah Jaza'iri wrote a double titled work as a commentary on al-Tawhid, the two titles are: Nur al-barahin fi bayan akhbar al-sadat al-tahirin and Anis al-wahid fi sharh al-Tawhid. Also Amir 'Ali Na'ib al-Sidara wrote a commentary on al-Tawhid. | ||
Four concordances have been made to the narrations of al-Tawhid. | Four concordances have been made to the narrations of al-Tawhid. | ||
[[fa:التوحید (کتاب)]] | [[fa:التوحید (کتاب)]] | ||