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Abu Sufyan: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| name = <!--default is the page name--> | | name = <!--default is the page name--> | ||
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| Full Name = | | Full Name = Sakhr b. Harb b. Umayya b. 'Abd al-Shams b. 'Abd Manaf | ||
| Kunya = Abu Sufyan, Abu Handhala | | Kunya = Abu Sufyan, Abu Handhala | ||
| Epithet = | | Epithet = | ||
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| Burial Place = | | Burial Place = | ||
| Era = Early Islam | | Era = Early Islam | ||
| Known for = | | Known for = | ||
| Professors = | | Professors = | ||
| Students = | | Students = | ||
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| Activities = Waging the battles of [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]], [[Battle of Khandaq|Khandaq]] against Muslims | | Activities = Waging the battles of [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]], [[Battle of Khandaq|Khandaq]] against Muslims | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Ṣakhr b. Ḥarb b. Umayya b. ʿAbd al-Shams b. ʿAbd Manāf''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|صَخر بن حَرب بن اُمَیـَّة بن | '''Ṣakhr b. Ḥarb b. Umayya b. ʿAbd al-Shams b. ʿAbd Manāf''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|صَخر بن حَرب بن اُمَیـَّة بن عبد الشمس بن عبد مَناف}}), famous as '''Abu Sufyan''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|اَبوسُفیان}}), is one of the famous Arab men in the history of early Islam. When the Noble [[Prophet (s)]] started his invitation to [[Islam]], Abu Sufyan turned in to one of the most obstinate enemies of the Prophet (s). He had an active role against the Prophet (s) in the Battles of [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]], and [[Battle of Khandaq|Khandaq]] but embraced Islam in 8/629, and was appointed as the governor of [[Najran]] by the Noble Prophet (s). | ||
He treated the [[Abu Bakr|first]] and [['Umar b. Khattab|second caliph]] with compromise and supported the caliphate of [['Uthman b. 'Affan|'Uthman]]. | He treated the [[Abu Bakr|first]] and [['Umar b. Khattab|second caliph]] with compromise and supported the caliphate of [['Uthman b. 'Affan|'Uthman]]. | ||
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==Social and Political Personality== | ==Social and Political Personality== | ||
Although Abu Sufyan is a famous figure | Although Abu Sufyan is a famous figure in the early history of Islam, his life, specifically before Islam, is not clear. Some indications from historians show that he was probably one of the nobles of the [[Quraysh]] before Islam and was a merchant. Ibn Habib says he was one of the rulers of Quraysh.<ref>Ibn Habib, ''al-Munammaq'', p. 368</ref> He was one of the authorities of Quraysh and one of the four people whose command was influential.<ref>Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, ''al-Isti'ab'', vol. 2, p. 715</ref> | ||
With the beginning of the [[Prophet (s)|Prophet's (s)]] invitation to Islam, Abu Sufyan turned into one of his obstinate enemies; nevertheless, it is believed that his enmity with the Prophet (s) was less than the rest of the leaders of Quraysh, such as [[Abu Jahl]] and [[Abu Lahab]]<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.1, p. 124</ref>. | With the beginning of the [[Prophet (s)|Prophet's (s)]] invitation to Islam, Abu Sufyan turned into one of his obstinate enemies; nevertheless, it is believed that his enmity with the Prophet (s) was less than the rest of the leaders of Quraysh, such as [[Abu Jahl]] and [[Abu Lahab]]<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.1, p. 124</ref>. | ||
Although he embraced Islam after the [[liberation of Mecca]], | Although he embraced Islam after the [[liberation of Mecca]], the speeches which have been attributed to him in the [[Battles of Ridda]] shows his desire and attraction to the previous religion<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.4, p. 13</ref>. Ibn Habib states he was one of the pagans of Quraysh.<ref>Ibn Habib, ''al-Munammaq'', p. 388</ref> | ||
Abu Sufyan has reported some hadiths from the Noble Prophet (s) as well<ref>For example, see: al-Bukhari, ''Sahih al-Bukhari'', vol.1, p. 91; Vol.2, p. 108</ref> | Abu Sufyan has reported some hadiths from the Noble Prophet (s) as well.<ref>For example, see: al-Bukhari, ''Sahih al-Bukhari'', vol.1, p. 91; Vol.2, p. 108</ref> | ||
==Encountering the Prophet (s) == | ==Encountering the Prophet (s) == | ||
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The Prophet (s) went to Badr the following year, but Abu Sufyan convinced the Qurayshis to return to Mecca before they reached Badr<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira'', vol.3, pp. 220-1</ref>. | The Prophet (s) went to Badr the following year, but Abu Sufyan convinced the Qurayshis to return to Mecca before they reached Badr<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira'', vol.3, pp. 220-1</ref>. | ||
=== | ===Battle of Khandaq=== | ||
{{Main|Battle of Khandaq}} | {{Main|Battle of Khandaq}} | ||
Abu Sufyan organized the Battle of Khandaq with the help of the [[Jews of Medina|Jews in Medina]] in 5/627<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira'', vol.3, pp. 225-6</ref>, but with the Prophet's (s) management, Abu Sufyan's army and their allies were defeated and Medina was safe.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol. 1, pp. 343-345</ref> | Abu Sufyan organized the Battle of Khandaq with the help of the [[Jews of Medina|Jews in Medina]] in 5/627<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira'', vol.3, pp. 225-6</ref>, but with the Prophet's (s) management, Abu Sufyan's army and their allies were defeated and Medina was safe.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol. 1, pp. 343-345</ref> | ||
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After [[Abu Bakr]] reached caliphate, Abu Sufyan was probably plotting against him since he seemed unhappy that a man from the lowest tribe had become the caliph.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.1, pp. 529,588; Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.1, p. 1827</ref> | After [[Abu Bakr]] reached caliphate, Abu Sufyan was probably plotting against him since he seemed unhappy that a man from the lowest tribe had become the caliph.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.1, pp. 529,588; Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.1, p. 1827</ref> | ||
Nevertheless, he took part in the [[Battle of Yarmuk]], which was commanded by his son Yazid, and encouraged the Muslims army to fight and show stability.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.4, p. 11; Ibn Athir, ''Usd al-ghaba'', vol.3, p. 13</ref> | Nevertheless, he took part in the [[Battle of Yarmuk]], which was commanded by his son Yazid, and encouraged the Muslims army to fight and show stability.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.4, p. 11; Ibn Athir, ''Usd al-ghaba'', vol.3, p. 13</ref> It is said that he lost his other eye in this battle.<ref>Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.1, p. 2101</ref> | ||
It is said that he lost his other eye in this battle.<ref>Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.1, p. 2101</ref> | |||
===Caliphate of 'Umar=== | ===Caliphate of 'Umar=== | ||
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Abu Sufyan had many children, the most famous of which was [[Mu'awiya]] whom had an important role in the first/seventh century and founded the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]. | Abu Sufyan had many children, the most famous of which was [[Mu'awiya]] whom had an important role in the first/seventh century and founded the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]. | ||
Another one of his children was Yazid | Another one of his children was Yazid who was appointed as an army commander and was later appointed as a governor by [['Umar b. al-Khattab|'Umar]]. 'Utba was another one of his children who took part in the [[Battle of Jamal]] along with [[Aisha]], and was later appointed as the governor of [[Egypt]] by Mu'awiya<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Ma'arif'', pp. 344-5</ref>. | ||
One of his daughters was named [[Umm Habiba (Prophet Muhammad's (s) wife)|Umm Habiba]] and had migrated to [[Habasha]]. When she went back to [[Medina]], the [[Prophet (s)]] married her<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat'', vol.8, p. 96</ref>. | One of his daughters was named [[Umm Habiba (Prophet Muhammad's (s) wife)|Umm Habiba]] and had migrated to [[Habasha]]. When she went back to [[Medina]], the [[Prophet (s)]] married her<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat'', vol.8, p. 96</ref>. | ||
== See Also == | == See Also == | ||
{{cb|3}} | |||
* [[Umayyads]] | * [[Umayyads]] | ||
* [[Mu'awiya]] | * [[Mu'awiya]] | ||
* [[Conquest of Mecca]] | * [[Conquest of Mecca]] | ||
{{end}} | |||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* 'Urwa b. al-Zubayr. ''Maghazi Rasul Allah (s)''. Ed. Muhammad Mustafa al-A'zami. Riyadh, 1401/1981. | * 'Urwa b. al-Zubayr. ''Maghazi Rasul Allah (s)''. Ed. Muhammad Mustafa al-A'zami. Riyadh, 1401/1981. | ||
* Baladhuri, Ahmad b. Yahya al-. ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol. 1. Ed. Muhammad Hamid Allah. Cairo, 1959. | * Baladhuri, Ahmad b. Yahya al-. ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol. 1. Ed. Muhammad Hamid Allah. Cairo, 1959. | ||
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[[es:Abu Sufyan]] | [[es:Abu Sufyan]] | ||
[[id:Abu Sufyan]] | [[id:Abu Sufyan]] | ||
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[[Category:Sahaba]] | [[Category:Sahaba]] | ||