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Abu Sufyan: Difference between revisions
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| Activities = Waging the battles of [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]], [[Battle of Khandaq|Khandaq]] against Muslims | | Activities = Waging the battles of [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]], [[Battle of Khandaq|Khandaq]] against Muslims | ||
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'''Ṣakhr b. Ḥarb b. Umayya b. ʿAbd al-Shams b. ʿAbd Manāf''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|صَخر بن حَرب بن اُمَیـَّة بن عبد الشمس بن عبد مَناف}}), famous as '''Abu Sufyan''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|اَبوسُفیان}}), is one of the famous Arab men in the history of early Islam. When the | '''Ṣakhr b. Ḥarb b. Umayya b. ʿAbd al-Shams b. ʿAbd Manāf''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|صَخر بن حَرب بن اُمَیـَّة بن عبد الشمس بن عبد مَناف}}), famous as '''Abu Sufyan''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|اَبوسُفیان}}), is one of the famous Arab men in the history of early Islam. When the Holy [[Prophet (s)]] started his invitation to [[Islam]], Abu Sufyan turned into one of his most obstinate enemies. He had an active role against the Prophet (s) in the Battles of [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]], and [[Battle of Khandaq|Khandaq]] but embraced Islam in 8/629, and was appointed as the governor of [[Najran]] by the Holy Prophet (s). | ||
He treated the [[Abu Bakr|first]] and [['Umar b. Khattab|second caliph]] with compromise and supported the caliphate of [['Uthman b. 'Affan|'Uthman]]. | He treated the [[Abu Bakr|first]] and [['Umar b. Khattab|second caliph]] with compromise and supported the caliphate of [['Uthman b. 'Affan|'Uthman]]. | ||
==Birth and Lineage== | ==Birth and Lineage== | ||
Sakhr b. Harb b. 'Umayya b. 'Abd al-Shams b. 'Abd Manaf, also known as Abu Sufyan, he was sometimes called with his other [[ | Sakhr b. Harb b. 'Umayya b. 'Abd al-Shams b. 'Abd Manaf, also known as Abu Sufyan, he was sometimes called with his other [[teknonym]], Abu Handhala.<ref>Al-Waqidi, ''al-Maghazi'', vol. 2, p. 817</ref> His exact date of birth is not clear, but according to some, he was born ten years before the [['Am al-Fil]] (the Year of the Elephant)/560.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.4, p. 13</ref> | ||
His mother was Safiyya, daughter of Hazn b. Bujayr b. Huzam. His father, Harb, was the leader of [[Banu Umayya]] and their commander in the Battles of Fijar.<ref>Al-Isfahani, ''al-Aghani'', vol. 6, p. 341</ref> | His mother was Safiyya, daughter of Hazn b. Bujayr b. Huzam. His father, Harb, was the leader of [[Banu Umayya]] and their commander in the Battles of Fijar.<ref>Al-Isfahani, ''al-Aghani'', vol. 6, p. 341</ref> | ||
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With the beginning of the [[Prophet (s)|Prophet's (s)]] invitation to Islam, Abu Sufyan turned into one of his obstinate enemies; nevertheless, it is believed that his enmity with the Prophet (s) was less than the rest of the leaders of Quraysh, such as [[Abu Jahl]] and [[Abu Lahab]]<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.1, p. 124</ref>. | With the beginning of the [[Prophet (s)|Prophet's (s)]] invitation to Islam, Abu Sufyan turned into one of his obstinate enemies; nevertheless, it is believed that his enmity with the Prophet (s) was less than the rest of the leaders of Quraysh, such as [[Abu Jahl]] and [[Abu Lahab]]<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.1, p. 124</ref>. | ||
Although he embraced Islam after the [[Conquest of Mecca]], the speeches which have been attributed to him in the [[Battles of Ridda]] shows his desire and attraction to the previous religion<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.4, p. 13</ref>. Ibn Habib states he was one of the pagans of Quraysh.<ref>Ibn Habib, ''al-Munammaq'', p. 388</ref> | Although he embraced Islam after the [[Conquest of Mecca]], the speeches which have been attributed to him in the [[Battles of Ridda]] shows his desire and attraction to the previous religion<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.4, p. 13</ref>. Ibn Habib states that he was one of the pagans of Quraysh.<ref>Ibn Habib, ''al-Munammaq'', p. 388</ref> | ||
Abu Sufyan has reported some hadiths from the | Abu Sufyan has reported some hadiths from the Holy Prophet (s) as well.<ref>For example, see: al-Bukhari, ''Sahih al-Bukhari'', vol.1, p. 91; Vol.2, p. 108</ref> | ||
==Encountering the Prophet (s) == | ==Encountering the Prophet (s) == | ||
===Battle of Badr=== | ===Battle of Badr=== | ||
{{Main|Battle of Badr}} | {{Main|Battle of Badr}} | ||
In the second year after the Prophet's (s) [[Hijra|migration]] from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]], Abu Sufyan was leading a trade caravan coming back from [[Syria]]. The [[Prophet (s)]] decided to raid the caravan. Abu Sufyan sent a letter asking for the help of the Qurayshi Meccans on one hand, and at the same time, changed his path and delivered the caravan to Mecca safely. Although the caravan avoided the raid, [[Abu Jahl]] became angry of the Prophet's (s) threat and decided to stay and fight the people of [[Yathrib]]. So, with the help of new force that came from Mecca, Abu Jahl | In the second year after the Prophet's (s) [[Hijra|migration]] from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]], Abu Sufyan was leading a trade caravan coming back from [[Syria]]. The [[Prophet (s)]] decided to raid the caravan. Abu Sufyan sent a letter asking for the help of the Qurayshi Meccans on one hand, and at the same time, changed his path and delivered the caravan to Mecca safely. Although the caravan avoided the raid, [[Abu Jahl]] became angry of the Prophet's (s) threat and decided to stay and fight the people of [[Yathrib]]. So, with the help of new force that came from Mecca, Abu Jahl fought against the army of Muslims.<ref>'Urwa b. al-Zubayr, ''Maghazi Rasul Allah (s)'', pp. 131-137</ref> | ||
The [[Quraysh]] was defeated in the [[Battle of Badr]]; Handhala, the son of Abu Sufyan was killed and his other son, 'Amr was captured. He was set free later.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira'', vol. 2, pp. 305-306</ref> | The [[Quraysh]] was defeated in the [[Battle of Badr]]; Handhala, the son of Abu Sufyan was killed and his other son, 'Amr was captured. He was set free later.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira'', vol. 2, pp. 305-306</ref> | ||
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===Battle of Khandaq=== | ===Battle of Khandaq=== | ||
{{Main|Battle of Khandaq}} | {{Main|Battle of Khandaq}} | ||
Abu Sufyan organized the Battle of Khandaq with the help of the [[Jews of Medina|Jews in Medina]] in 5/627<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira'', vol.3, pp. 225-6</ref>, but with the Prophet's (s) management, Abu Sufyan's army and their allies were defeated and Medina | Abu Sufyan organized the Battle of Khandaq with the help of the [[Jews of Medina|Jews in Medina]] in 5/627<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira'', vol.3, pp. 225-6</ref>, but with the Prophet's (s) management, Abu Sufyan's army and their allies were defeated and Medina remained safe.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol. 1, pp. 343-345</ref> | ||
===Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty=== | ===Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty=== | ||
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==Converting to Islam== | ==Converting to Islam== | ||
Finally, after much enmity and numerous wars against the [[prophet (s)]], Abu Sufyan embraced Islam in 8/629 after the [[Conquest of Mecca]] with the | Finally, after much enmity and numerous wars against the [[prophet (s)]], Abu Sufyan embraced Islam in 8/629 after the [[Conquest of Mecca]] with the mediation of [[al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]]<ref>Al-Waqidi, ''al-Maghazi'', vol.2, pp. 817-8</ref>. Abu Sufyan went to the Prophet (s) and accepted Islam and the Prophet (s) announced his house a safe refuge<ref>Al-Waqidi, ''al-Maghazi'', vol.2, pp. 817-8; Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira'', vol.4, p. 46</ref>. From that time on, Abu Sufyan and his family were of the Muslims. The Prophet (s) sent him to [[Najran]] province<ref>Al-Kalbi, ''Jamharat al-nasab'', p. 49</ref>. In the same year, Abu Sufyan commanded a group of warriors in the [[Battle of Hunayn]]. At the end of the war, the Prophet (s) gave Abu Sufyan and his children a bigger share of the spoils of war<ref>Al-Waqidi, ''al-Maghazi'', vol.2, pp. 944-5; Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol.1, p. 1679</ref>. | ||
It is said that | It is said that Abu Sufyan lost one of his eyes in the [[Battle of Ta'if]]<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.4, p. 8</ref>. After that event, the Prophet (s) sent Abu Sufyan to [[Ta'if]] to gather the charity<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Ma'arif'', p. 344</ref>. | ||
==Relation with the Three Caliphs== | ==Relation with the Three Caliphs== | ||
According to some narrations when the [[Prophet (s)]] | According to some narrations when the [[Prophet (s)]] passed away, Abu Sufyan was the governor of [[Najran]], and went to Mecca and stayed there for a while, then he went to [[Medina]] and remained there.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.4, pp. 7,12; Al-Kalbi, ''Jamharat al-nasab'', p. 49</ref> | ||
===Caliphate of Abu Bakr=== | ===Caliphate of Abu Bakr=== | ||
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===Caliphate of 'Umar=== | ===Caliphate of 'Umar=== | ||
The narrations suggest that Abu Sufyan warned his son [[Mu'awiya]] from opposing [['Umar b. al-Khattab|'Umar]] and recommended | The narrations suggest that Abu Sufyan warned his son [[Mu'awiya]] from opposing [['Umar b. al-Khattab|'Umar]] and recommended to abide him<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.4, p. 9</ref>. It seems Abu Sufyan had committed some mistakes during the caliphate of 'Umar and was therefore warned by him.{{cn}} | ||
===Caliphate of 'Uthman=== | ===Caliphate of 'Uthman=== | ||
When Uthman was chosen as the caliph, Abu Sufyan went to him and said | When Uthman was chosen as the caliph, Abu Sufyan went to him and said in a gathering of [[Umayyads]], "Now that the sphere of caliphate has fallen in your hands, move it amongst yourselves, and do not lose it"<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.4, p. 12</ref>. | ||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||