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Usul al-Din: Difference between revisions
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'''Uṣūl al-Dīn''' (أصول الدین) or '''Principles of | '''Uṣūl al-Dīn''' (أصول الدین) or '''Principles of Religionubuwwa''' or '''roots of faith''' contrary to ''[[Furu' al-Din]]'' (Minor Issues of Religion) are a set of essential beliefs in [[Islam]], which every Muslim needs to believe in; otherwise, he would not be considered a Muslim, i.e. rejecting each of these principles implies blasphemy and results in punishment in the [[hereafter]]. | ||
From [[Shi'a]] viewpoint, [[Tawhid]] (oneness of God), [[ | From [[Shi'a]] viewpoint, [[Tawhid]] (oneness of God), [[Nubuwwat]] (prophethood), [['Adl]] (justice of God), [[imamate]] and [[resurrection]] are the principles needed to be believed in to reach ultimate happiness. However, the two principles of justice and imamate can be considered separate from the other three, since if one rejects oneness of God, prophethood and resurrection is basically not a Muslim, but if he rejects justice and imamate, then he is a Muslim but not a Shi'a and distances from genuine Islam. Therefore, the two principle of justice and imamate are called Principles of School. | ||
Most religious scholars believe that contrary to Furu' al-Din, [[Taqlid]] (emulation) is not permissible in Usul al-Din and everyone needs to think about these principles for himself and accepts them through certainty (not assumption). | Most religious scholars believe that contrary to Furu' al-Din, [[Taqlid]] (emulation) is not permissible in Usul al-Din and everyone needs to think about these principles for himself and accepts them through certainty (not assumption). | ||
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Usul al-Din refers to two different senses: first sense commonly includes all Islamic theological principles opposite to minor issues in religion. In this sense, Usul al-Din are theological principles which are to be thought about and Furu' al-Din are those issues which are to be observed, whether they need to be followed or abandoned. | Usul al-Din refers to two different senses: first sense commonly includes all Islamic theological principles opposite to minor issues in religion. In this sense, Usul al-Din are theological principles which are to be thought about and Furu' al-Din are those issues which are to be observed, whether they need to be followed or abandoned. | ||
Its other sense refers to the three or five theological principles of [[Tawhid]] (oneness of God), [[ | Its other sense refers to the three or five theological principles of [[Tawhid]] (oneness of God), [[Nubuwwat]] (prophethood), [['Adl]] (justice of God), [[imamate]] and [[resurrection]]. However often, the three principles of Tawhid , prophethood and resurrection are called principles of religion and the two principles of justice and imamate are called principles of School (School of Twelver Shi'a); yet sometimes, all of them together have been called principles of religion. | ||
== Cause of Naming == | == Cause of Naming == | ||
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One of the reasons for impermissibility of the emulation in Usul al-din is that the emulator either knows the truthfulness of the authority he is following or not: if he does not know about that, then he can estimate the error in the authority and thus his emulation is not wise, since he is following what is not immune from error; but if he knows that the authority he is following hold the truth, then it is either of two conditions: he has made this conclusion in three conditions: either out of transparency which is null and void, out of emulation for which the number of people emulating whom is necessary is countless or though studying which is the only rational assumption in which the person may have concluded the truthfulness of the authority and this is actually not emulation and thus emulation in Usul al-din is invalid. | One of the reasons for impermissibility of the emulation in Usul al-din is that the emulator either knows the truthfulness of the authority he is following or not: if he does not know about that, then he can estimate the error in the authority and thus his emulation is not wise, since he is following what is not immune from error; but if he knows that the authority he is following hold the truth, then it is either of two conditions: he has made this conclusion in three conditions: either out of transparency which is null and void, out of emulation for which the number of people emulating whom is necessary is countless or though studying which is the only rational assumption in which the person may have concluded the truthfulness of the authority and this is actually not emulation and thus emulation in Usul al-din is invalid. | ||
== Usul al-din from the Viewpoint of Twelver Shi'a ( | == Usul al-din from the Viewpoint of Twelver Shi'a (Imamiyya) == | ||
The famous opinion is that Usul al-din include three issues: [[Tawhid]] (oneness of God), [[ | The famous opinion is that Usul al-din include three issues: [[Tawhid]] (oneness of God), [[Nubuwwat]] (prophethood), and [[resurrection]], to which [['Adl]] (justice) and [[imamate]] are added as the Principles of the School. In other words, if one rejects one of the three Usul al-din is a Kafir [unbeliever] but if he accepts the three but rejects either justice [of God] or imamate, then he is not an unbeliever but he would not be a [[Shi'a]]. | ||
According to the common opinion of Twelver Shi'a scholars, the five mentioned principles are defined as following: | According to the common opinion of Twelver Shi'a scholars, the five mentioned principles are defined as following: | ||
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# '''Tawhid (Oneness of God)''':{{main|Tahwid}} knowing God and acknowledging the fact that from pre-existence to post-eternity, He exists and is Necessary Existent and acknowledging positive attributes of God such as infinite power, knowledge, and existence and rejecting His negative attributes such as ignorance, inability and believing in the fact that God's attributes are the same as His essence and that He has no attribute extra to His essence. | # '''Tawhid (Oneness of God)''':{{main|Tahwid}} knowing God and acknowledging the fact that from pre-existence to post-eternity, He exists and is Necessary Existent and acknowledging positive attributes of God such as infinite power, knowledge, and existence and rejecting His negative attributes such as ignorance, inability and believing in the fact that God's attributes are the same as His essence and that He has no attribute extra to His essence. | ||
# '''Justice [of God]''':{{main|'Adl}} knowing that God is Just and Wise, meaning that He does not do any wrong and does not abandon any proper act. God is not consent with the wrong humans do and in fact, humans do anything using the power God has given them and therefore, they hold the absolute responsibility for their actions, good or bad. | # '''Justice [of God]''':{{main|'Adl}} knowing that God is Just and Wise, meaning that He does not do any wrong and does not abandon any proper act. God is not consent with the wrong humans do and in fact, humans do anything using the power God has given them and therefore, they hold the absolute responsibility for their actions, good or bad. | ||
# '''Prophethood''':{{main| | # '''Prophethood''':{{main|Nubuwwat}} acknowledging the prophethood of the Prophet [[Muhammad (s)] and what has been revealed to him. However, there is a disagreement on whether generally acknowledging the issues the Prophet (s) has said as revelation or one needs to acknowledge the revelation in details. It is to note that some Twelver Shi'a scholars have also deemed it necessary for one to believe that the Prophet (s) was [[infallible]] and that he (s) was the [[khatamiyyat|last prophet]]. | ||
# '''Imamate''':{{main|Imamate}} Acknowledging imamate of the twelve [[imams (a)]]. All Twelver Shi'a theologians agree on this as it has been considered one of the two required principles of Shi'a. All imams are infallible and guardians of religion and guide humans towards the truth and everyone needs to obey them. [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)|The Twelfth Imam (a)]] is alive, who disappeared but one day he (a) will [[Reappearance|reappear]] by the permission of [[God]]. | # '''Imamate''':{{main|Imamate}} Acknowledging imamate of the twelve [[imams (a)]]. All Twelver Shi'a theologians agree on this as it has been considered one of the two required principles of Shi'a. All imams are infallible and guardians of religion and guide humans towards the truth and everyone needs to obey them. [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)|The Twelfth Imam (a)]] is alive, who disappeared but one day he (a) will [[Reappearance|reappear]] by the permission of [[God]]. | ||
# '''Resurrection''':{{main|Resurrection}} This principle suggests that humans will be resurrected one day and their good and bad actions will be judged. All Muslims believe in physical resurrection which suggests that the body to which humans will be resurrected is physical. | # '''Resurrection''':{{main|Resurrection}} This principle suggests that humans will be resurrected one day and their good and bad actions will be judged. All Muslims believe in physical resurrection which suggests that the body to which humans will be resurrected is physical. | ||