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Eid al-Ghadir: Difference between revisions
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[[File:غدیر2.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|The sight of Ghadir Khumm]] | [[File:غدیر2.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|The sight of Ghadir Khumm]] | ||
The [[Prophet (s)]] began his journey from [[Medina]] toward [[Mecca]] for [[hajj]] on [[Dhu l-Qa'da 24]] or [[Dhu l-Qa'da 25|25]] of [[10]]/632 accompanied with thousands of people.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', vol. 1, p. 56; Ayāzī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-majīd'', p. 148;Ḥalabī, ''al-Sīra al-Ḥalabīyya'', vol. 3, p. 360-361.</ref> Since that [[hajj]] was the last hajj of the Prophet (s), it was later called "[[Hajjat al-Wida']]". When hajj rituals finished and the Prophet (s) left Mecca toward Medina, they arrived at [[Ghadir Khumm]], on [[Dhu l-Hijja 18]] <ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārikh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 112.</ref>and In this place, [[Gabriel]] [[revelation|revealed]] the [[verse of Tabligh]] to the Prophet (s) and delivered him the order of [[God]] for appointment of [[Ali (a)]] as [[wilaya|Wali]] and [[khilafa|Wasi]] (successor) after the Prophet (s) and announcing it to people.<ref>Ayāzī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-majīd'', p. 184; ʿAyyāshī, ''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī'', vol. 1, p. 332.</ref> | The [[Prophet (s)]] began his journey from [[Medina]] toward [[Mecca]] for [[hajj]] on [[Dhu l-Qa'da 24]] or [[Dhu l-Qa'da 25|25]] of [[10]]/632 accompanied with thousands of people.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', vol. 1, p. 56; Ayāzī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-majīd'', p. 148;Ḥalabī, ''al-Sīra al-Ḥalabīyya'', vol. 3, p. 360-361.</ref> Since that [[hajj]] was the last hajj of the Prophet (s), it was later called "[[Hajjat al-Wida']]". When hajj rituals finished and the Prophet (s) left Mecca toward Medina, they arrived at [[Ghadir Khumm]], on [[Dhu l-Hijja 18]] <ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārikh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 112.</ref>and In this place, [[Gabriel]] [[revelation|revealed]] the [[verse of Tabligh]] to the Prophet (s) and delivered him the order of [[God]] for appointment of [[Ali (a)]] as [[wilaya|Wali]] and [[khilafa|Wasi]] (successor) after the Prophet (s) and announcing it to people.<ref>Ayāzī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-majīd'', p. 184; ʿAyyāshī, ''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī'', vol. 1, p. 332.</ref> | ||
==Sermon of Ghadir== | |||
According to [[hadith]]s, the Prophet (s) gathered people in Ghadir Khumm, raised [[Ali (a)|Ali]]'s (a) hand so that everyone sees and asked, "O people! Do I not have [[wilaya]] (guardianship) over you more than you have over yourself?" People answered, "Yes, O Prophet (s)!" Then, the Prophet (s) said: | According to [[hadith]]s, the Prophet (s) gathered people in Ghadir Khumm, raised [[Ali (a)|Ali]]'s (a) hand so that everyone sees and asked, "O people! Do I not have [[wilaya]] (guardianship) over you more than you have over yourself?" People answered, "Yes, O Prophet (s)!" Then, the Prophet (s) said: | ||
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Then, the Prophet (s) repeated it three times and said, "O God! Befriend and be the wali of anyone who loves Ali (a) and considers him as his wali; be the enemy of anyone who is his enemy; and assist anyone who assists him and abandon anyone who abandons him." | Then, the Prophet (s) repeated it three times and said, "O God! Befriend and be the wali of anyone who loves Ali (a) and considers him as his wali; be the enemy of anyone who is his enemy; and assist anyone who assists him and abandon anyone who abandons him." | ||
He (s) then told people, "Those who are present, convey this message to those who are absent." | He (s) then told people, "Those who are present, convey this message to those who are absent." <ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 605; Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 295; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 110-111; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 7, p. 349. </ref> | ||
== In Hadiths == | == In Hadiths == | ||
In [[Sunni]] references, there is a hadith saying that, "anyone who fasts [[Dhu l-Hijja 18]], God regards the rewards of 6 months fasting for him" and that "this day is Eid Ghadir Khumm."<ref> | In [[Sunni]] references, there is a hadith saying that, "anyone who fasts [[Dhu l-Hijja 18]], God regards the rewards of 6 months fasting for him" and that "this day is Eid Ghadir Khumm."<ref>Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh al-Baghdād'', vol. 8, p. 284.</ref> | ||
The Prophet (s) said, | The Prophet (s) said, | ||
::"the day of Ghadir Khumm is the best eid of my [[umma]] (people) and that is the day God the Almighty ordered to appoint my brother Ali b. Abi Talib (a) as the standard-bearer of my umma; so that, people will be guided by him after I pass away; and that is the day God perfected the religion and completed blessings upon my umma and chose [[Islam]] as their religion."<ref> | ::"the day of Ghadir Khumm is the best eid of my [[umma]] (people) and that is the day God the Almighty ordered to appoint my brother Ali b. Abi Talib (a) as the standard-bearer of my umma; so that, people will be guided by him after I pass away; and that is the day God perfected the religion and completed blessings upon my umma and chose [[Islam]] as their religion."<ref>Shaykh al-Ṣadūq, ''al-Amālī'', p. 125.</ref> | ||
Also, [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] said, | Also, [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] said, | ||
::"the day of Ghadir Khumm is the grand eid of God. God has not sent any [[Prophethood|prophet]] unless he has celebrated this eid, and has glorified it. And its name in the heavens is the day of covenant and on the earth is the day of solemn covenant and public presence."<ref> | ::"the day of Ghadir Khumm is the grand eid of God. God has not sent any [[Prophethood|prophet]] unless he has celebrated this eid, and has glorified it. And its name in the heavens is the day of covenant and on the earth is the day of solemn covenant and public presence."<ref>Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.8, p.89.</ref> | ||
In another hadith from Imam al-Sadiq (a), he regarded Eid al-Ghadir the greatest and most glorious eid of Muslims, in every hour of which, they need to thank God; and that people [[fast]] the day to show their gratitude and that fasting the day equals 60 years of worship."<ref>Al-Hurr al-'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a'', vol.10, p.443</ref> | In another hadith from Imam al-Sadiq (a), he regarded Eid al-Ghadir the greatest and most glorious eid of Muslims, in every hour of which, they need to thank God; and that people [[fast]] the day to show their gratitude and that fasting the day equals 60 years of worship."<ref>Al-Hurr al-'Amili, ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a'', vol.10, p.443.</ref> | ||
[[Imam al-Rida (a)]] said, | [[Imam al-Rida (a)]] said, | ||
::"the Day of Ghadir is more popular among the dwellers of heavens than among the people of the earth… If people knew the value of this day, undoubtedly [[angel]]s would shake hands with them ten times a day."<ref> | ::"the Day of Ghadir is more popular among the dwellers of heavens than among the people of the earth… If people knew the value of this day, undoubtedly [[angel]]s would shake hands with them ten times a day."<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Tahḍīb al-iḥkām'', vol. 6, p. 24.</ref> | ||
== History of the Celebration == | == History of the Celebration == | ||
[[File:Eid al-Ghadir in Holy Shrine of Imam Ali.jpg|380px|thumbnail|right|Eid al-Ghadir in the [[Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (a)]] in [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]]. The photo is taken on [[November 3]], 2012 by Shia Waves.]] | [[File:Eid al-Ghadir in Holy Shrine of Imam Ali.jpg|380px|thumbnail|right|Eid al-Ghadir in the [[Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (a)]] in [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]]. The photo is taken on [[November 3]], 2012 by Shia Waves.]] | ||
Muslims, especially Shi'a consider the day of Ghadir as one of the greatest eids since the early Islam and this day was famous among them as Eid al-Ghadir. | Muslims, especially Shi'a consider the day of Ghadir as one of the greatest eids since the early Islam and this day was famous among them as Eid al-Ghadir. In his book, [[Mas'udi]] (d. [[346]]/957-958) wrote that children and followers of [[Imam Ali (a)]] venerated this day.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''al-Tanbīh wa l-ishrāf'', p. 221.</ref> In a hadith, [[al-Kulayni]] (d. [[328]]/940) has narrated Shi'a's celebration of this day.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 149.</ref> Therefore, it is clear that celebration of Eid al-Ghadir has been common in the 3rd/9th and 4th/10th centuries. | ||
In his book, [[Mas'udi]] (d. [[346]]/957-958) wrote that children and followers of [[Imam Ali (a)]] venerated this day.<ref> | |||
Earlier, [[Fayyad b. Muhammad b. 'Umar al-Tusi]] narrated a tradition which suggested that [[Imam al-Rida (a)]] celebrated the day of Ghadir.<ref> | Earlier, [[Fayyad b. Muhammad b. 'Umar al-Tusi]] narrated a tradition which suggested that [[Imam al-Rida (a)]] celebrated the day of Ghadir.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 95, p. 322.</ref> Since Imam al-Rida (a) was living at the end of the second/ early 9th century , it becomes clear that the celebrating of the day of Ghadir goes back early centuries of Islam. | ||
Such a celebration has been common among Muslims in the following years and centuries, so that the ceremony of [[allegiance]] with [[al-Musta'la b. Mustansir]] (one of the rulers of [[Egypt]]) was held on the day of Eid al-Ghadir [[487]]/1094.<ref>Ibn | Such a celebration has been common among Muslims in the following years and centuries, so that the ceremony of [[allegiance]] with [[al-Musta'la b. Mustansir]] (one of the rulers of [[Egypt]]) was held on the day of Eid al-Ghadir [[487]]/1094.<ref>Ibn Khallikān, ''Wafayāt al-aʿyān'', vol. 1, p. 180.</ref> [[Fatimid]] caliphs made the Eid al-Ghadir an official eid in Egypt; and in [[Iran]], it has been among official holidays since [[907]]/1502, when [[Isma'il I]], the [[Safavid]] king came to throne. | ||
In recent centuries, celebrating this day has been considered among the symbols of Shi'a. In [[Najaf]], a great celebration is held every year in the courtyard of [[Imam Ali's (a) holy shrine]] and noblemen and scholars of Shi'a and ambassadors of [[:category:Islamic Countries|Islamic countries]] attend there and great speeches and odes are recited. In [[Yemen]], [[Zaydiyya|Zaydi Shi'a]] celebrate the day of Ghadir and illuminate and decorate their streets. | In recent centuries, celebrating this day has been considered among the symbols of Shi'a. In [[Najaf]], a great celebration is held every year in the courtyard of [[Imam Ali's (a) holy shrine]] and noblemen and scholars of Shi'a and ambassadors of [[:category:Islamic Countries|Islamic countries]] attend there and great speeches and odes are recited. In [[Yemen]], [[Zaydiyya|Zaydi Shi'a]] celebrate the day of Ghadir and illuminate and decorate their streets. | ||
The eve of Eid al-Ghadir is also among important nights among Muslims.<ref> | The eve of Eid al-Ghadir is also among important nights among Muslims.<ref>Thaʿālibī, ''Thimār al-ghulūb'', p. 511.</ref> | ||
== Recommended Practices == | == Recommended Practices == | ||
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* Wearing perfumes | * Wearing perfumes | ||
* Visiting Relatives | * Visiting Relatives | ||
* Giving food to believers<ref>Al-Qummi, '' | * Giving food to believers<ref>Al-Qummi, ''Mafātīh al-jinān'', under the title of "Practices of Dhu l-Hijja 18"</ref> | ||
==Famous Sources About Ghadir== | ==Famous Sources About Ghadir== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* Ibn Khallikan. ''Wafayat al-a'yan''. ed. Ihsan al-'Abbasi. Dar al-Thiqafa, Beirut. | * Ibn Khallikan. ''Wafayat al-a'yan''. ed. Ihsan al-'Abbasi. Dar al-Thiqafa, Beirut. | ||
* Sayyid b. Tawus, 'Ali b. Musa al-. ''Iqbal al-a'mal''. Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyya, Tehran, 1367 SH. | * Sayyid b. Tawus, 'Ali b. Musa al-. ''Iqbal al-a'mal''. Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyya, Tehran, 1367 SH. | ||