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Pledge of al-Aqaba: Difference between revisions
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==Preparation of Circumstances== | ==Preparation of Circumstances== | ||
[[Abu Talib b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] and [[Khadija bt. Khuwaylid]] passed away ten years after [[Bi'that]], which left [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] with no supporter, in addition he was under severe pressure from his enemies. He met six members of [[Banu Khazraj]] from [[Medina]] 11 years after Bi'that. According to the sources, they met either in [[Mina]] or in al-Aqaba. Prophet Muhammad (s) asked about their identity and their allies. They said they were Jews' ally. Then he introduced Islam and [[Qur'an]] to them. People of Medina vaguely knew about a Prophet in Medina, and they hoped Prophet could stop the adversaries between the tribes of [[Aws and Khazraj]]. After they returned to [[Yathrib]], they told about Prophet to people. | [[Abu Talib b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] and [[Khadija bt. Khuwaylid]] passed away ten years after [[Bi'that]], which left [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] with no supporter, in addition he was under severe pressure from his enemies<ref>Al-Tabari, ''al-Tarikh'', Vol.2, PP.343-4</ref>. He met six members of [[Banu Khazraj]] from [[Medina]] 11 years after Bi'that. According to the sources, they met either in [[Mina]]<ref>Ibn Sa'd, Vol.1, P.218</ref> or in al-Aqaba<ref>''Yaqut al-Himawi'', Vol.3, P.693; al-Tabari, ''al-Tarikh'', Vol.2, P.353</ref>. Prophet Muhammad (s) asked about their identity and their allies. They said they were Jews' ally. Then he introduced Islam and [[Qur'an]] to them. People of Medina vaguely knew about a Prophet in Medina, and they hoped Prophet could stop the adversaries between the tribes of [[Aws and Khazraj]]. After they returned to [[Yathrib]], they told about Prophet to people. | ||
==The First Pledge of al-'Aqaba== | ==The First Pledge of al-'Aqaba== | ||
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Banu Khazraj: [[As'ad b. Zurara]], Awf b. Harith, Mu'adh b. Harith, Dhakwan b. 'Abd al-Qays, Rafi' b. Malik, 'Ubada b. al-Samit, Abi 'Abd al-Rahman Yazid b. Tha'laba, 'Abbas b. 'Ubada b. Nadala, 'Uqba b. 'Amir b. Nabi and Qutba b. 'Amir b. Hadida. | Banu Khazraj: [[As'ad b. Zurara]], Awf b. Harith, Mu'adh b. Harith, Dhakwan b. 'Abd al-Qays, Rafi' b. Malik, 'Ubada b. al-Samit, Abi 'Abd al-Rahman Yazid b. Tha'laba, 'Abbas b. 'Ubada b. Nadala, 'Uqba b. 'Amir b. Nabi and Qutba b. 'Amir b. Hadida. | ||
Banu Aws: [[Abu l-Haytham b. Tayyihan]] and 'Uwaym b. Sa'ida. | Banu Aws: [[Abu l-Haytham b. Tayyihan]] and 'Uwaym b. Sa'ida.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat'', Vol.1, P.205</ref> | ||
===Principles of the First Pledge=== | ===Principles of the First Pledge=== | ||
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# To listen and obey [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] in all good deeds. | # To listen and obey [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] in all good deeds. | ||
If they took an oath of allegiance, they shall enter the [[Paradise]]; if they rejected it, God have mercy on them or they shall enter the [[Hell]]. | If they took an oath of allegiance, they shall enter the [[Paradise]]; if they rejected it, God have mercy on them or they shall enter the [[Hell]].<ref>Hasan Ibrahim Hasan, Vol.1, PP.94-5; al-Baladhuri, Vol.1, PP.275-6</ref> | ||
===Why it is Called Bay'at al-Nisa'?=== | ===Why it is Called Bay'at al-Nisa'?=== | ||
There are some probable reasons for calling it Bay't al-Nisa': | There are some probable reasons for calling it Bay't al-Nisa': | ||
# Because Afra' bt. 'Ubayd b. Tha'laba was the first woman who took an oath of allegiance to Prophet Muhammad (s). Although it seems irrelevant, because no women were present in the first Pledge of 'Aqaba. | # Because Afra' bt. 'Ubayd b. Tha'laba was the first woman who took an oath of allegiance to Prophet Muhammad (s). Although it seems irrelevant, because no women were present in the first Pledge of 'Aqaba.<ref>Hasan Ibrahim Hasan, Vol.1, P.95</ref> | ||
# Because the connotation of this pledge was about accepting Prophet Muhammad (s) as their own family member. | # Because the connotation of this pledge was about accepting Prophet Muhammad (s) as their own family member. | ||
# Because it was supposed to prevent war between Muslims and polytheists, while war is considered a manhood practice, it is called Bayt al-Nisa'. | # Because it was supposed to prevent war between Muslims and polytheists, while war is considered a manhood practice, it is called Bayt al-Nisa'.<ref>Al-Suhayli, Vol.4, P.70</ref> | ||
===First Action of Prophet Muhammad (s)=== | ===First Action of Prophet Muhammad (s)=== | ||
After the first Pledge of 'Aqaba, Prophet Muhammad (s) sent [[Mus'ab b. 'Umayr]] to [[Medina]] to teach [[Qur'an]] to newly converted Muslims. However some historians mentioned that he was sent to Medina after the second Pledge of 'Aqaba. | After the first Pledge of 'Aqaba, Prophet Muhammad (s) sent [[Mus'ab b. 'Umayr]] to [[Medina]] to teach [[Qur'an]] to newly converted Muslims.<ref>Al-Tabari, Vol.2, P.357</ref> However some historians mentioned that he was sent to Medina after the second Pledge of 'Aqaba.<ref>al-Baladhuri, Vol.1, P.277</ref> | ||
==The Second Pledge of al-Aqaba== | ==The Second Pledge of al-Aqaba== | ||
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===Why it is Called Bay'at al-Harb=== | ===Why it is Called Bay'at al-Harb=== | ||
Because people of Yathrib promised to fight alongside Prophet Muhammad (s), this pledge is known as Pledge of War. Some members of [[Ansar]] (Helpers) declared they will fight for Prophet Muhammad (s) from the first night. [['Abbas b. 'Ubada]] asked Prophet Muhammad (s) for permission to attack polytheists who were performing Hajj practices in Mina, but Prophet rejected it and said return to your families and relatives. | Because people of Yathrib promised to fight alongside Prophet Muhammad (s), this pledge is known as Pledge of War. Some members of [[Ansar]] (Helpers) declared they will fight for Prophet Muhammad (s) from the first night. [['Abbas b. 'Ubada]] asked Prophet Muhammad (s) for permission to attack polytheists who were performing Hajj practices in Mina, but Prophet rejected it and said return to your families and relatives.<ref>Ibn Hisham, Vol.1, P.448</ref> | ||
===The Results=== | ===The Results=== | ||
* After the pledge, Prophet Muhammad (s) chose twelve people of [[Yathrib]] as their [[naqib|naqibs]] (representatives of their tribes). | * After the pledge, Prophet Muhammad (s) chose twelve people of [[Yathrib]] as their [[naqib|naqibs]] (representatives of their tribes).<ref>Hasan Ibrahim Hasan, Vol.1, PP.277-8</ref> | ||
* It prepared the city and situations for the forthcoming [[migration]] of Prophet Muhammad (s) to Medina. | * It prepared the city and situations for the forthcoming [[migration]] of Prophet Muhammad (s) to Medina. | ||