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=== The History of al-Haram al-Makki === | === The History of al-Haram al-Makki === | ||
Except for the [[hadith]] quoted from [[the Prophet (s)]] in which [[Abraham (a)]] is considered the one who made [[Mecca]] a Haram, some exegetes believe that before Abraham (a), [[Mecca]] was the same as other lands, but after beginning of his mission as a prophet and when he prayed to [[God]] for [[Mecca]] to be a safe land,<ref>Q 2: 126; Q 14: 35</ref> it became holy. Some others have considered it possible that the holiness of Mecca didn't start with Abraham's prayer, but it revived after a period of ignorance.<ref>al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Jami' al-bayan''. vol. 1. p. 542; al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. ''al-Tibyan fi tafsir al- | Except for the [[hadith]] quoted from [[the Prophet (s)]] in which [[Abraham (a)]] is considered the one who made [[Mecca]] a Haram, some exegetes believe that before Abraham (a), [[Mecca]] was the same as other lands, but after beginning of his mission as a prophet and when he prayed to [[God]] for [[Mecca]] to be a safe land,<ref>Q 2: 126; Q 14: 35</ref> it became holy. Some others have considered it possible that the holiness of Mecca didn't start with Abraham's prayer, but it revived after a period of ignorance.<ref>al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Jami' al-bayan''. vol. 1. p. 542; al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. ''al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Qura'n''. vol. 1. p. 456</ref> It's been also said that observing its holiness became obligatory after Abraham's prayer.<ref>al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Jami' al-bayan''. vol. 1; Fasi, Muhammad b. Ahmad. ''Shefa' al-gharam bi-akhbar al-balad al-haram''. vol. 1. p. 139; Asadi Makki, Ahmad b. Muhammad. ''Akhbar al-kiram bi-akhbar al-masjid al-haram''. p. 183</ref> | ||
Before [[Islam]], ''Haram'' of [[Mecca]] was known for [[Arabs]] and they avoided war, wounding and revenge in that area to observe its holiness and follow the tradition of Abraham (a) and [[Isma'il (s)]] and thus, they called Mecca, ''Bacca'' (where breaks the neck of oppressors), ''Bassasa'' (where repels mischief makers and disbelievers) and ''Silah'' (a safe place).<ref>Ibn Hisham. ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya''. p. 114; Mawirdi, 'Ali b. Muhammad. ''al-Ahkam al-sultaniyya wa al-wilayat al-diniyya''. p. 246-248; ''al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. al-Tibyan fi tafsir al- | Before [[Islam]], ''Haram'' of [[Mecca]] was known for [[Arabs]] and they avoided war, wounding and revenge in that area to observe its holiness and follow the tradition of Abraham (a) and [[Isma'il (s)]] and thus, they called Mecca, ''Bacca'' (where breaks the neck of oppressors), ''Bassasa'' (where repels mischief makers and disbelievers) and ''Silah'' (a safe place).<ref>Ibn Hisham. ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya''. p. 114; Mawirdi, 'Ali b. Muhammad. ''al-Ahkam al-sultaniyya wa al-wilayat al-diniyya''. p. 246-248; ''al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Qura'n''. vol. 4. p. 32; Ibn Jauzi. ''al-Muntazam fi tarikh al-muluk wa al-umam''. vol. 2. p. 31</ref> Some Arabs used to take their clothes off when entering al-Haram al-Makki believing that they have sinned in their clothes. Also some Jews used to draw their shoes as a symbol of respect to Haram. Also, it's been said that Companions of [[Jesus (s)]] walked on feet when arriving in Haram as a sign of respect.<ref>Fakihi, Muhammad b. Ishaq. Akhbar Makka fi qadim al-dahr wa haditha. vol. 2. p. 267; Tabari, Ahmad b. 'Abd allah. ''al-Qira li-qasid um al-qura''. p. 169; Fasi, Muhammad b. Ahmad. ''Shefa' al-gharam bi akhbar al-balad al-haram''. vol. 1. p. 140</ref> | ||
The holiness of Haram continued to be observed after Islam. For example, Companions of [[the Prophet (s)]] avoided committing any sins in Haram and prohibited each other from harassing or annoying others and even avoided staying there long for the fear of being disrespectful.<ref>Fakihi, Muhammad b. Ishaq. ''Akhbar Makka fi qadim al-dahr wa haditha''. vol. 2. p. 259-305</ref> | The holiness of Haram continued to be observed after Islam. For example, Companions of [[the Prophet (s)]] avoided committing any sins in Haram and prohibited each other from harassing or annoying others and even avoided staying there long for the fear of being disrespectful.<ref>Fakihi, Muhammad b. Ishaq. ''Akhbar Makka fi qadim al-dahr wa haditha''. vol. 2. p. 259-305</ref> | ||
=== Al-Haram al-Makki in the Qur'an === | === Al-Haram al-Makki in the Qur'an === | ||
The word "Haram" is used in some [[verse]]s of the Qur'an. Exegetes have suggested that "al-Haram al-Makki" is meant by the word ''Haram'' most of the time in the Qur'an.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. ''al-Tibyan fi tafsir al- | The word "Haram" is used in some [[verse]]s of the Qur'an. Exegetes have suggested that "al-Haram al-Makki" is meant by the word ''Haram'' most of the time in the Qur'an.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. ''al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Qura'n''. vol. 8. p. 165; qurtubi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ansari. ''al-Jami' li-ahkam al-Qura'n''. vol. 13. p. 264; Tabataba'i, Muhammad Husayn. ''al-Mizan fi tafsir al-Qura'n''. vol. 6. p. 271</ref> They have also said that [[al-Masjid al-Haram]], [[Maqam Ibrahim]], [[al-Ka'aba]] and [[Mecca]] sometimes refer to the whole area of Haram.<ref>Jassas, Ahmad b. 'Ali. ''Ahkam al-Qura'n''. vol. 1. p. 88 & vol. 3. p. 253, 317;al-Sharif al-Radi. ''Haqa'iq al-ta'wil fi mutashabih al-tanzil''. p. 180; al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. ''al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Qura'n''. vol. 6. p. 446 & vol. 8. p. 165; Zarkishi, Muhammad b. Bahadur. ''al-Burhan fi 'ulum al-Qura'n''. vol. 2. p. 266; Tabataba'i, Muhammad Husayn. ''al-Mizan fi tafsir al-Qura'n''. vol. 3. p. 31</ref> | ||
=== Al-Haram al-Makki, the Safe Sanctuary of God === | === Al-Haram al-Makki, the Safe Sanctuary of God === | ||
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In some verses, [[Prophet Abraham (a)]] prayed that God makes Mecca a safe place: "And [mention] when Abraham said, "My Lord, make this a secure city and provide its people with fruits - whoever of them believes in Allah and [[Akharat|the Last Day]]". | In some verses, [[Prophet Abraham (a)]] prayed that God makes Mecca a safe place: "And [mention] when Abraham said, "My Lord, make this a secure city and provide its people with fruits - whoever of them believes in Allah and [[Akharat|the Last Day]]". | ||
In the Qur'an (2:125) the attribute "safe" is given to "al-Bayt" which has been interpreted by some exegetes as [[al-Haram al-Makki]]. There are different hadiths and interpretations about the attribute of "safety" that is mentioned in the Qur'an. Some exegetes have considered that the Qur'an talks about an objective reality which indicates that safety exists in the geographical area of Haram. In other words, they believe that the place has been created by [[God]] in a way that it's safe from disasters and tribulations, both in this world and the [[hereafter]].<ref>al-Sharif al-Radi. ''Haqa'iq al-ta'wil fi mutashabih al-tanzil''. p. 182, 190; Tabarsi, Fadl b. Hasan. ''Majma' al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an''. vol. 2. P. 799; qurtubi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ansari. ''al-Jami' li-ahkam al- | In the Qur'an (2:125) the attribute "safe" is given to "al-Bayt" which has been interpreted by some exegetes as [[al-Haram al-Makki]]. There are different hadiths and interpretations about the attribute of "safety" that is mentioned in the Qur'an. Some exegetes have considered that the Qur'an talks about an objective reality which indicates that safety exists in the geographical area of Haram. In other words, they believe that the place has been created by [[God]] in a way that it's safe from disasters and tribulations, both in this world and the [[hereafter]].<ref>al-Sharif al-Radi. ''Haqa'iq al-ta'wil fi mutashabih al-tanzil''. p. 182, 190; Tabarsi, Fadl b. Hasan. ''Majma' al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an''. vol. 2. P. 799; qurtubi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ansari. ''al-Jami' li-ahkam al-Qura'n''. vol. 4. P. 141-142</ref> In some hadiths, "safety of Haram" has been interpreted as the safety of animals for not being hunted by other animals or humans who enter that area. It can also mean the safety of people in Haram from murder, plunder and tribulations in this world and the hereafter, etc.<ref>Fakihi, Muhammad b. Ishaq. ''Akhbar Makka fi qadim al-dahr wa haditha''. vol. 2. P. 252; al-Kulayni, Muhmmad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi''. vol. 4. P. 226, 528-530; al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili. ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a''. vol. 3. P. 35</ref> | ||
Some exegetes denied the external reality of safety for Haram, and have interpreted the safety only as a legislated safety referring to the order of God regarding the observation of Haram's holiness and its rulings; Because there is no difference between Haram and other lands in the case of events like war, flood and earthquake which could endanger its safety. | Some exegetes denied the external reality of safety for Haram, and have interpreted the safety only as a legislated safety referring to the order of God regarding the observation of Haram's holiness and its rulings; Because there is no difference between Haram and other lands in the case of events like war, flood and earthquake which could endanger its safety. | ||
Exegetes believe that legislation of rulings about Haram goes back to some previous religions including the [[religion]] of [[Abraham (a)]].<ref>Jassas, Ahmad b. 'Ali. ''Ahkam al- | Exegetes believe that legislation of rulings about Haram goes back to some previous religions including the [[religion]] of [[Abraham (a)]].<ref>Jassas, Ahmad b. 'Ali. ''Ahkam al-Qura'n''. vol. 1. p. 88-89, vol. 2 . p. 27;al-Sharif al-Radi. ''Haqa'iq al-ta'wil fi mutashabih al-tanzil''. p. 65, 192;qurtubi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ansari. ''al-Jami' li-ahkam al-Qura'n''. vol. 4. p. 140; Tabataba'i, Muhammad Husayn. ''al-Mizan fi tafsir al-Qura'n''. vol. 6. p. 271</ref> There are also hadiths in which the safety of Haram has been defined by examples of legislated safety and its rulings such as the prohibition of hunting and disturbing animals' safety and the prohibition of administering the punishments for crimes committed outside of Haram.<ref>Azraqi, muhammad b. 'Abd allah. ''Akhbar makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 3. p. 138-139; Kulayni, Muhmmad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi'' . vol. 4. p. 226-227; al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babiwayh. ''Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. vol. 2. p. 262; al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili. ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a''. vol. 13. p. 75, 226</ref> Some exegetes have suggested that the [[verse]] 97 of the [[chapter Al-i'Imran]] refers to the safety of refugees to Haram before Islam which was abrogated in Islam.<ref> al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir. ''Jami' al-bayan''. vol. 4. p. 11-12; al-Sharif al-Radi. ''Haqa'iq al-ta'wil fi mutashabih al-tanzil''. p. 178; qurtubi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ansari. ''al-Jami' li-ahkam al-Qura'n''. vol. 2. p. 111, vol. 4. p. 140</ref> According to the verse 57 of the [[chapter Qasas]], God has blessed [[Mecca]] with all the benefits of other lands.<ref> al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. ''al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Qura'n''. vol. 8. p. 165; qurtubi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ansari. ''al-Jami' li-ahkam al-Qura'n''. vol. 13. p. 300</ref> | ||
===Al-Haram al-Makki in Hadiths=== | ===Al-Haram al-Makki in Hadiths=== | ||
In [[hadith]]s, in addition to the rulings specific to Haram, its features and ethics of attending there have also been mentioned. According to hadiths, the expanse of Haram goes beyond the top of seven skies and below the seven earths. Al-Haram al-Makki will remain Haram until [[Akharat|the Day of Judgment]].<ref> Azraqi, muhammad b. 'Abd allah. ''Akhbar makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 2 . p. 124; Jassas, Ahmad b. 'Ali. ''Ahkam al- | In [[hadith]]s, in addition to the rulings specific to Haram, its features and ethics of attending there have also been mentioned. According to hadiths, the expanse of Haram goes beyond the top of seven skies and below the seven earths. Al-Haram al-Makki will remain Haram until [[Akharat|the Day of Judgment]].<ref> Azraqi, muhammad b. 'Abd allah. ''Akhbar makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 2 . p. 124; Jassas, Ahmad b. 'Ali. ''Ahkam al-Qura'n''.vol. 1 . p. 89; al-Shaykh al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babiwayh. ''Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. vol. 2. p. 245-246</ref> One who disrespects the holiness of Haram, would be cursed by God and all [[:Category:Prophets|the prophets (s)]].<ref> Azraqi, muhammad b. 'Abd allah. ''Akhbar makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 2 . p. 125</ref> According to a hadith, [[the Prophet (s)|the noble Prophet (s)]] has guaranteed his [[intercession]] for a [[hajj]] who dies in Haram.<ref>al-Kulayni, Muhmmad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi''. vol. 4. p. 256; vol. 2. p. 258</ref> | ||
===The Expanse of al-Haram al-Makki=== | ===The Expanse of al-Haram al-Makki=== | ||
[[File:A'lam al-Haram al-Makki.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|A'lam al-Haram al-Makki]] | [[File:A'lam al-Haram al-Makki.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|A'lam al-Haram al-Makki]] | ||
The expanse of Haram has been fixed and known since the dawn of time, therefore, there are very few narrations about it. According to one of these narrations, the length and width of Haram are one ''Barid'' (In Arabia, a unit of distance equals 4 [[farsakhs]], 12 miles, and about 19.3 kilometers). Al-Masjid al-Haram is located at the center of Haram.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili. Wasa'il al-Shi'a. vol. 12. P. 555</ref> Based on historical reports, [[Prophet Abraham (a)]] was the first one who marked the expanse of al-Haram al-Makki with the help of [[Gabriel]], and according to the [[revelation]] he received.<ref>Azraqi, muhammad b. 'Abd allah. ''Akhbar makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''.vol. 2. p. 128; Fakihi, Muhammad b. Ishaq. ''Akhbar Makka fi qadim al-dahr wa haditha''. vol. 2. p. 273-275; al-Kulayni, Muhmmad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi''. vol. 4. p. 195-197; Tabari, Ahmad b. 'Abd allah. al-Qira li-qasid um al-qura''. p. 652-653</ref> In hadith and historical texts, the marks which indicate the expanse of al-Haram al-Makki are called ''A'lam'', ''Ansab'', ''Manar'', ''Ma'alim'', ''Azlam'', and ''Amyal'' of Haram.<ref> al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. ''al-Tibyan fi tafsir al- | The expanse of Haram has been fixed and known since the dawn of time, therefore, there are very few narrations about it. According to one of these narrations, the length and width of Haram are one ''Barid'' (In Arabia, a unit of distance equals 4 [[farsakhs]], 12 miles, and about 19.3 kilometers). Al-Masjid al-Haram is located at the center of Haram.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili. Wasa'il al-Shi'a. vol. 12. P. 555</ref> Based on historical reports, [[Prophet Abraham (a)]] was the first one who marked the expanse of al-Haram al-Makki with the help of [[Gabriel]], and according to the [[revelation]] he received.<ref>Azraqi, muhammad b. 'Abd allah. ''Akhbar makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''.vol. 2. p. 128; Fakihi, Muhammad b. Ishaq. ''Akhbar Makka fi qadim al-dahr wa haditha''. vol. 2. p. 273-275; al-Kulayni, Muhmmad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi''. vol. 4. p. 195-197; Tabari, Ahmad b. 'Abd allah. al-Qira li-qasid um al-qura''. p. 652-653</ref> In hadith and historical texts, the marks which indicate the expanse of al-Haram al-Makki are called ''A'lam'', ''Ansab'', ''Manar'', ''Ma'alim'', ''Azlam'', and ''Amyal'' of Haram.<ref> al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. ''al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Qura'n''. vol. 2. p. 173-174; Ibn athir. al-Nihaya. under the words "علم" & "نور"; Ibn Manzur. Lisan al-'arab. under the word "علم"; Zubaydi,Muhammad b. Muhammad Murtada. Taj al-'arus. under the words "نصب" & "حرم"</ref> | ||
After Abraham (a), [[Isma'il]] reconstructed the indicators of Haram. In [[al-Jahiliyya|pre-Islam Age of Ignorance]], 'Adnan b. Udad and Qusay b. Kilab did the same at their own times. [[Quraysh]] rebuilt the indicators of Haram at the beginning of the Prophet's (s) mission. 8 years later, after conquering Mecca, Tamim b. Asad Khuza'i and Aswad b. Khalaf Qurashi Zuhari repaired and rebuilt the indicators of Haram by the order of [[the Prophet (s)]]. In next periods also by the order of [['Umar b. Khattab]] (in 17/638), [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] (in 26/646), [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan]] (ruled 41/661–60/679), [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] (ruled 65/684–86/705), and [[Mahdi al-'Abbasi]] (ruled 158/774–169/785), some people repaired and rebuilt the indicators of Haram.<ref>Azraqi, muhammad b. 'Abd allah. ''Akhbar makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 2. p. 128-130; 'Asqalani, Ibn Hajar. ''al-Isaba fi tamiyz al-sahaba''.vol. 1. p. 72, 367</ref> After Mahdi al-'Abbasi, the signs which were on mountains were not repaired anymore and only those which were on the routes entering Mecca which were routes from [[Medina]], [[Yemen]], [[Iraq]], Ta'if and Ju'rana and Jaddah were repaired.<ref>Ibn Dihish, 'Abd al-malik b. 'Abd Allah. ''al-Haram al-makki al-sharif wa al-a'lam al-muhita bih''. p. 51-52</ref> | After Abraham (a), [[Isma'il]] reconstructed the indicators of Haram. In [[al-Jahiliyya|pre-Islam Age of Ignorance]], 'Adnan b. Udad and Qusay b. Kilab did the same at their own times. [[Quraysh]] rebuilt the indicators of Haram at the beginning of the Prophet's (s) mission. 8 years later, after conquering Mecca, Tamim b. Asad Khuza'i and Aswad b. Khalaf Qurashi Zuhari repaired and rebuilt the indicators of Haram by the order of [[the Prophet (s)]]. In next periods also by the order of [['Umar b. Khattab]] (in 17/638), [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] (in 26/646), [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan]] (ruled 41/661–60/679), [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] (ruled 65/684–86/705), and [[Mahdi al-'Abbasi]] (ruled 158/774–169/785), some people repaired and rebuilt the indicators of Haram.<ref>Azraqi, muhammad b. 'Abd allah. ''Akhbar makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 2. p. 128-130; 'Asqalani, Ibn Hajar. ''al-Isaba fi tamiyz al-sahaba''.vol. 1. p. 72, 367</ref> After Mahdi al-'Abbasi, the signs which were on mountains were not repaired anymore and only those which were on the routes entering Mecca which were routes from [[Medina]], [[Yemen]], [[Iraq]], Ta'if and Ju'rana and Jaddah were repaired.<ref>Ibn Dihish, 'Abd al-malik b. 'Abd Allah. ''al-Haram al-makki al-sharif wa al-a'lam al-muhita bih''. p. 51-52</ref> | ||
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In [[fiqh]], there are specific rulings for [[al-Haram al-Makki]] which are sometimes called "Khasa'is al-Haram". Some references call prohibiting rulings of Haram, "Mahzurat al-Haram".<ref>Mawirdi, 'Ali b. Muhammad. ''al-Ahkam al-sultaniyya wa al-wilayat al-diniyya''. p. 259; Kasani, Abu bakr b. Mas'ud. ''Badayi' al-sanaye' fi tartib al-sharayi'''. vol. 2. p. 446; Ibn Zuhair. ''al-Jami' al-latif fi fadl Makka''. p. 169; Naraqi, Ahmad b. Muhammad Mahdi. ''Mustanad al-Shi'a fi ahkam al-shari'a''. vol. 13. p. 297</ref> However, most faqihs have mentioned these specific rulings only among other topics such as prayer, [[hajj]], punishments and atonements. Some of the most important rulings specific to al-Haram al-Makki are as follows: | In [[fiqh]], there are specific rulings for [[al-Haram al-Makki]] which are sometimes called "Khasa'is al-Haram". Some references call prohibiting rulings of Haram, "Mahzurat al-Haram".<ref>Mawirdi, 'Ali b. Muhammad. ''al-Ahkam al-sultaniyya wa al-wilayat al-diniyya''. p. 259; Kasani, Abu bakr b. Mas'ud. ''Badayi' al-sanaye' fi tartib al-sharayi'''. vol. 2. p. 446; Ibn Zuhair. ''al-Jami' al-latif fi fadl Makka''. p. 169; Naraqi, Ahmad b. Muhammad Mahdi. ''Mustanad al-Shi'a fi ahkam al-shari'a''. vol. 13. p. 297</ref> However, most faqihs have mentioned these specific rulings only among other topics such as prayer, [[hajj]], punishments and atonements. Some of the most important rulings specific to al-Haram al-Makki are as follows: | ||
# Prohibition of residence in Haram for non-Muslims according to all faqihs, and also prohibition of their entrance to Haram according to all faqihs except Abu Hanifa.<ref> al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. ''al-Tibyan fi tafsir al- | # Prohibition of residence in Haram for non-Muslims according to all faqihs, and also prohibition of their entrance to Haram according to all faqihs except Abu Hanifa.<ref> al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. ''al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Qura'n''. vol. 5. p. 200; Zuhayli, Wahaba Mustafa. ''al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillata''. vol. 3. p. 329</ref> | ||
# Obligation of putting on [[Ihram]] for those Muslims who come to [[Mecca]] any time in the year from any of the [[Miqat]]s, except for those who come frequently to these places such as drivers. Shafi'is regard putting on Ihram as recommended.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. ''al-Mabsut fi fiqh al-imamiyya''. vol. 1. p. 355; Tabari, Ahmad b. 'Abd allah. ''al-Qira li-qasid um al-qura''. p. 641; al-Khatib al-Sharbini, Muhammad b. Ahmad. ''Mughni al-Muhtaj ila ma'rifat ma'ani alfaz al-minhaj''. vol. 1. p. 476</ref> | # Obligation of putting on [[Ihram]] for those Muslims who come to [[Mecca]] any time in the year from any of the [[Miqat]]s, except for those who come frequently to these places such as drivers. Shafi'is regard putting on Ihram as recommended.<ref>al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan. ''al-Mabsut fi fiqh al-imamiyya''. vol. 1. p. 355; Tabari, Ahmad b. 'Abd allah. ''al-Qira li-qasid um al-qura''. p. 641; al-Khatib al-Sharbini, Muhammad b. Ahmad. ''Mughni al-Muhtaj ila ma'rifat ma'ani alfaz al-minhaj''. vol. 1. p. 476</ref> | ||
# Prohibition of killing animals in Haram except for domestic animals (such as camel, cow and sheep) and dangerous animals (such as scorpion and snake).<ref>al-Sharif al-Radi. ''Haqa'iq al-ta'wil fi mutashabih al-tanzil''. p. 182. al-Hilli, Hasan b. Yusuf. ''Tadhkirat al-fuqaha''. vol. 7. p. 272-273, 277-278; Zuhayli, Wahaba Mustafa. ''al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillata''. vol. 3. p. 328-329</ref> | # Prohibition of killing animals in Haram except for domestic animals (such as camel, cow and sheep) and dangerous animals (such as scorpion and snake).<ref>al-Sharif al-Radi. ''Haqa'iq al-ta'wil fi mutashabih al-tanzil''. p. 182. al-Hilli, Hasan b. Yusuf. ''Tadhkirat al-fuqaha''. vol. 7. p. 272-273, 277-278; Zuhayli, Wahaba Mustafa. ''al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillata''. vol. 3. p. 328-329</ref> | ||
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# Recommendation of [[fasting]] some days of the week | # Recommendation of [[fasting]] some days of the week | ||
# Prohibition of damaging plants and cutting trees specially saplings, except for animals' feeding. | # Prohibition of damaging plants and cutting trees specially saplings, except for animals' feeding. | ||
# Prohibition of hunting animals.<ref>Hilli, Ibn Idris. ''al-Sara'ir al-havi li-tahrir al-fatawa''. vol. 1. p. 651-652; Zarkishi, Muhammad b. Bahadur. ''al-Burhan fi 'ulum al- | # Prohibition of hunting animals.<ref>Hilli, Ibn Idris. ''al-Sara'ir al-havi li-tahrir al-fatawa''. vol. 1. p. 651-652; Zarkishi, Muhammad b. Bahadur. ''al-Burhan fi 'ulum al-Qura'n''. p. 243-245, 261; Gulpayigani, Muhammad Rida. ''Manasik al-haj''. p. 187, 210; Zuhayli, Wahaba Mustafa. ''al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillata''. vol. 3. p. 335-336</ref> | ||
Some earlier Sunni authorities have mentioned some punishments for one who doesn't observe the prohibitions in al-Haram al-Nabawi.<ref>Tabari, Ahmad b. 'Abd allah. ''al-Qira li-qasid um al-qura''. p. 675-676</ref> | Some earlier Sunni authorities have mentioned some punishments for one who doesn't observe the prohibitions in al-Haram al-Nabawi.<ref>Tabari, Ahmad b. 'Abd allah. ''al-Qira li-qasid um al-qura''. p. 675-676</ref> | ||
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*Jabarti, 'Abd al-Rahman. ''Tarikh 'aja'ib al-athar''. Beirut: Dar al-Jail | *Jabarti, 'Abd al-Rahman. ''Tarikh 'aja'ib al-athar''. Beirut: Dar al-Jail | ||
* Jawhari, Isma'il b. Hammad al-. ''Al-Sihah''. Beirut: Ahmad 'Abd al-Ghafur 'Atar. | * Jawhari, Isma'il b. Hammad al-. ''Al-Sihah''. Beirut: Ahmad 'Abd al-Ghafur 'Atar. | ||
*Jassas, Ahmad b. 'Ali. ''Ahkam al- | *Jassas, Ahmad b. 'Ali. ''Ahkam al-Qura'n''. Beirut: 'Abd al-Salam Muhammad 'Ali Shahin, 1994 | ||
*Kasani, Abu bakr b. Mas'ud. ''Badayi' al-sanaye' fi tartib al-sharayi'''. Beirut: Muhammad 'Adnan b. Yasiyn Darwish, 1998 | *Kasani, Abu bakr b. Mas'ud. ''Badayi' al-sanaye' fi tartib al-sharayi'''. Beirut: Muhammad 'Adnan b. Yasiyn Darwish, 1998 | ||
*Kashif al-ghata, Ja'far b. Khizr. ''Kashf al-ghata 'an mubhamat al-shari'at al-ghara''. Isfahan: Mahdawi | *Kashif al-ghata, Ja'far b. Khizr. ''Kashf al-ghata 'an mubhamat al-shari'at al-ghara''. Isfahan: Mahdawi | ||
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*Naraqi, Ahmad b. Muhammad Mahdi. ''Mustanad al-Shi'a fi ahkam al-shari'a''. Qom, 1415-1417AH | *Naraqi, Ahmad b. Muhammad Mahdi. ''Mustanad al-Shi'a fi ahkam al-shari'a''. Qom, 1415-1417AH | ||
*Nawawi, Yahya b. Sharaf al-. ''Al-Majmu' sharh al-muhadhdhab''. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr | *Nawawi, Yahya b. Sharaf al-. ''Al-Majmu' sharh al-muhadhdhab''. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr | ||
*qurtubi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ansari. ''Al-Jami' li-ahkam al- | *qurtubi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ansari. ''Al-Jami' li-ahkam al-Qura'n''. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr | ||
*Raf'at Basha, Ibrahim. ''Mirat al-haramayn aw al-rahalat al-hijaziyya wa al-haj''. Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifa | *Raf'at Basha, Ibrahim. ''Mirat al-haramayn aw al-rahalat al-hijaziyya wa al-haj''. Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifa | ||
*Ruhani, Muhammad Sadiq. ''Fiqh al-sadiq''. Qom, 1412-1414AH | *Ruhani, Muhammad Sadiq. ''Fiqh al-sadiq''. Qom, 1412-1414AH | ||
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* Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan al-. ''Al-Mabsut fi fiqh al-imamiyya''. Tehran: Muhammad Taqi Kashfi, 1387 | * Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan al-. ''Al-Mabsut fi fiqh al-imamiyya''. Tehran: Muhammad Taqi Kashfi, 1387 | ||
* Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan al-. ''Al-Nihaya fi mujarad al-fiqh wa al-fatawa''. Beirut, 1980 | * Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan al-. ''Al-Nihaya fi mujarad al-fiqh wa al-fatawa''. Beirut, 1980 | ||
* Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan al-. ''Al-Tibyan fi tafsir al- | * Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan al-. ''Al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Qura'n''. Beirut: Ahmad Habib Qasir 'Amili | ||
* Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan al-. ''Tahdhib al-ahkam''. Tehran: 'Ali Akbar Ghaffari, 1376Sh | * Shaykh al-Tusi, Muhammad b. Hasan al-. ''Tahdhib al-ahkam''. Tehran: 'Ali Akbar Ghaffari, 1376Sh | ||
* Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili al-. ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a''. Qom, 1409-1412 | * Shaykh al-Hurr al-'Amili al-. ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a''. Qom, 1409-1412 | ||
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* Tabarsi, Fadl b. Hasan. ''Majma' al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an''. Beirut; Hashim Rasuli Mahallati, 1988 | * Tabarsi, Fadl b. Hasan. ''Majma' al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an''. Beirut; Hashim Rasuli Mahallati, 1988 | ||
* Tabataba'i Yazdi, Muhammad Kazim. ''Al-'Urwat al-wuthqa''. Beirut, 1409 | * Tabataba'i Yazdi, Muhammad Kazim. ''Al-'Urwat al-wuthqa''. Beirut, 1409 | ||
* Tabataba'i, Muhammad Husayn. ''Al-Mizan fi tafsir al- | * Tabataba'i, Muhammad Husayn. ''Al-Mizan fi tafsir al-Qura'n''. 1971-1974 | ||
* Yahya b. Sa'id. ''Al-Jami' lil-Shara'i'''. Qom, 1405 | * Yahya b. Sa'id. ''Al-Jami' lil-Shara'i'''. Qom, 1405 | ||
* Zarkishi, Muhammad b. Bahadur. ''Al-Burhan fi 'ulum al- | * Zarkishi, Muhammad b. Bahadur. ''Al-Burhan fi 'ulum al-Qura'n''. Beirut: Muhammad Abu al-Fadl Ibrahim, 1988 | ||
* Zubaydi,Muhammad b. Muhammad Murtada al-. ''Taj al-'arus''. Beirut: 'Ali Shiri, 1994 | * Zubaydi,Muhammad b. Muhammad Murtada al-. ''Taj al-'arus''. Beirut: 'Ali Shiri, 1994 | ||
* Zuhayli, Wahaba Mustafa. ''Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillata''. Damascus, 1984 | * Zuhayli, Wahaba Mustafa. ''Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillata''. Damascus, 1984 | ||