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Haram (holy site): Difference between revisions
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[[File:Masjid al-Haram.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Al-Masjid al-Haram]] | [[File:Masjid al-Haram.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Al-Masjid al-Haram]] | ||
'''Ḥaram''' ( | '''Ḥaram''' (Arabic:{{iarabic| حَرَم}}, Holy Shrine), is an area that includes a holy place, and has a special holiness because of what it includes. | ||
The most important haram for Muslims is [[al-Haram al-Makki]] in which [[Ka'ba]] and [[al-Masjid al-Haram]] are located. The next important haram is al-Haram al-Madani that involves [[the Prophet]]'s house and tomb ([[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]]). These two are called al-Haramayn al-Sharifayn (the two shrines) among Muslims. | The most important haram for Muslims is [[al-Haram al-Makki]] in which [[Ka'ba]] and [[al-Masjid al-Haram]] are located. The next important haram is al-Haram al-Madani that involves [[the Prophet]]'s house and tomb ([[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]]). These two are called al-Haramayn al-Sharifayn (the two shrines) among Muslims. | ||
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== Literal Meaning == | == Literal Meaning == | ||
The Arabic word "حرم" (Haram) is derived from the root form "ح ر م" [ha ra mim]. It means one's household or their residence that he protects from any harm. <ref>Ibn Athir. ''al-Nihaya''. under the word "دعمص"; Ibn Manzur. ''Lisan al-'Arab''. under the word "حرم"; Al-Jabarti, 'Abd al-Rahman. ''Tarikh 'aja'ib al-athar''. vol. 2. p. 143</ref> In Islamic texts, this word is applied to the area surrounding the Islamic holy sites that entering and attending there requires observation of certain rules. For example, the words "Haram", "Haram َllah" or "al-Haram al-Makki" usually refer to a specific area around [[Ka'ba]]. <ref>Al-Jawhari. ''al-Sihah''. under the word "حرم"; Al-Zubaydi, Muhammad b. Muhammad al-Murtada. ''Taj al-'arus''. under the word "حرم"</ref> Some believe that calling such an area "Haram", is because of their sanctity or prohibition of doing some acts in that area. <ref>Al-Kurdi, Muhammad Tahir. ''al-Tarikh al-qawim li-makka wa bayt Allah al-karim''. vol. 1. p. 101; Burujirdi, Murtada. ''Mustanad al-'urwat al-wuthqa''. vol. 8. p. 423</ref> | The Arabic word "{{iarabic|حرم}}" (Haram) is derived from the root form "{{iarabic|ح ر م}}" [ha ra mim]. It means one's household or their residence that he protects from any harm. <ref>Ibn Athir. ''al-Nihaya''. under the word "{{iarabic|دعمص}}"; Ibn Manzur. ''Lisan al-'Arab''. under the word "{{iarabic|حرم}}"; Al-Jabarti, 'Abd al-Rahman. ''Tarikh 'aja'ib al-athar''. vol. 2. p. 143</ref> In Islamic texts, this word is applied to the area surrounding the Islamic holy sites that entering and attending there requires observation of certain rules. For example, the words "Haram", "Haram َllah" or "al-Haram al-Makki" usually refer to a specific area around [[Ka'ba]]. <ref>Al-Jawhari. ''al-Sihah''. under the word "{{iarabic|حرم}}"; Al-Zubaydi, Muhammad b. Muhammad al-Murtada. ''Taj al-'arus''. under the word "{{iarabic|حرم}}"</ref> Some believe that calling such an area "Haram", is because of their sanctity or prohibition of doing some acts in that area. <ref>Al-Kurdi, Muhammad Tahir. ''al-Tarikh al-qawim li-makka wa bayt Allah al-karim''. vol. 1. p. 101; Burujirdi, Murtada. ''Mustanad al-'urwat al-wuthqa''. vol. 8. p. 423</ref> | ||
== Usage == | == Usage == | ||
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[[File:Ka'ba.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Al-Ka'ba located at the center of al-Haram al-Makki in Hijaz]] | [[File:Ka'ba.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Al-Ka'ba located at the center of al-Haram al-Makki in Hijaz]] | ||
Al-Haram al-Makki is the most famous example of the word "Haram". People who belong to this area are called ''Hirmi'' (people of Haram) and those who enter this place and put on [[Ihram]] are called [[Muhrim]]. The area outside of Haram is called ''Hill''. <ref>Al-Farahidi, Khalil b. Ahmad. ''Kitab al-'ayn''. under the word "حرم"; Ibn Athir. ''al-Nihaya''. under the word "حرم"</ref> Holiness of the Haram of [[Mecca]] has a very long history. According to a [[hadith]] by [[the Prophet (s)]], this area has become Haram since the creation of skies and the earth and according to another hadith, [[Dahw al-Ard]] (expansion of earth) began from the place of al-Haram al-Makki. <ref>Al-Al-Fakihi, Muhammad b. Ishaq. ''Akhbar Makka fi qadim al-dahr wa hadithiha''. vol. 2. p. 270; Al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babawayh. ''Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. vol. 2. p. 241; Al-Hurr al-'Amili. ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a''. vol. 13. p. 241-242</ref> | Al-Haram al-Makki is the most famous example of the word "Haram". People who belong to this area are called ''Hirmi'' (people of Haram) and those who enter this place and put on [[Ihram]] are called [[Muhrim]]. The area outside of Haram is called ''Hill''. <ref>Al-Farahidi, Khalil b. Ahmad. ''Kitab al-'ayn''. under the word "{{iarabic|حرم}}"; Ibn Athir. ''al-Nihaya''. under the word "{{iarabic|حرم}}"</ref> Holiness of the Haram of [[Mecca]] has a very long history. According to a [[hadith]] by [[the Prophet (s)]], this area has become Haram since the creation of skies and the earth and according to another hadith, [[Dahw al-Ard]] (expansion of earth) began from the place of al-Haram al-Makki. <ref>Al-Al-Fakihi, Muhammad b. Ishaq. ''Akhbar Makka fi qadim al-dahr wa hadithiha''. vol. 2. p. 270; Al-Saduq, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Babawayh. ''Man la yahduruh al-faqih''. vol. 2. p. 241; Al-Hurr al-'Amili. ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a''. vol. 13. p. 241-242</ref> | ||
=== History === | === History === | ||
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[[File:A'lam al-Haram al-Makki.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|The black line shows the boundaries of al-Haram al-Makki]] | [[File:A'lam al-Haram al-Makki.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|The black line shows the boundaries of al-Haram al-Makki]] | ||
The expanse of Haram has been fixed and known since the dawn of time, therefore, there are very few narrations about it. According to one of these narrations, the length and width of Haram are one ''Barid'' (In Arabia, a unit of distance equals 4 [[Farsakhs]], and about 21.5 kilometers). Al-Masjid al-Haram is located at the center of Haram. <ref>Al-Hurr al-'Amili. ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a''. vol. 12. P. 555</ref> Based on historical reports, [[Prophet Abraham (a)]] was the first one who marked the expanse of al-Haram al-Makki with the help of [[Gabriel]], and according to the [[revelation]] he received. <ref>Al-Azraqi, Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah. ''Akhbar Makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 2. p. 128; Al-Al-Fakihi, Muhammad b. Ishaq. ''Akhbar Makka fi qadim al-dahr wa hadithiha''. vol. 2. p. 273-275; Al-Kulayni, Muhammad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi''. vol. 4. p. 195-197; Al-Tabari, Ahmad b. 'Abd Allah. ''al-Qira li-qasid umm al-qura''. p. 652-653</ref> In hadith and historical texts, the marks which indicate the expanse of al-Haram al-Makki are called ''A'lam'', ''Ansab'', ''Manar'', ''Ma'alim'', ''Azlam'', or ''Amyal'' of Haram. <ref>Al-Tusi, Muhammad b. al-Hasan. ''al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Qur'an''. vol. 2. p. 173-174; Ibn Athir. ''al-Nihaya''. under the words "علم" & "نور"; Ibn Manzur. ''Lisan al-'Arab''. under the word "علم"; Al-Zubaydi, Muhammad b. Muhammad al-Murtada. ''Taj al-'arus''. under the words "نصب" & "حرم"</ref> | The expanse of Haram has been fixed and known since the dawn of time, therefore, there are very few narrations about it. According to one of these narrations, the length and width of Haram are one ''Barid'' (In Arabia, a unit of distance equals 4 [[Farsakhs]], and about 21.5 kilometers). Al-Masjid al-Haram is located at the center of Haram. <ref>Al-Hurr al-'Amili. ''Wasa'il al-Shi'a''. vol. 12. P. 555</ref> Based on historical reports, [[Prophet Abraham (a)]] was the first one who marked the expanse of al-Haram al-Makki with the help of [[Gabriel]], and according to the [[revelation]] he received. <ref>Al-Azraqi, Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah. ''Akhbar Makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 2. p. 128; Al-Al-Fakihi, Muhammad b. Ishaq. ''Akhbar Makka fi qadim al-dahr wa hadithiha''. vol. 2. p. 273-275; Al-Kulayni, Muhammad b. Ya'qub. ''al-Kafi''. vol. 4. p. 195-197; Al-Tabari, Ahmad b. 'Abd Allah. ''al-Qira li-qasid umm al-qura''. p. 652-653</ref> In hadith and historical texts, the marks which indicate the expanse of al-Haram al-Makki are called ''A'lam'', ''Ansab'', ''Manar'', ''Ma'alim'', ''Azlam'', or ''Amyal'' of Haram. <ref>Al-Tusi, Muhammad b. al-Hasan. ''al-Tibyan fi tafsir al-Qur'an''. vol. 2. p. 173-174; Ibn Athir. ''al-Nihaya''. under the words "{{iarabic|علم" & "نور}}"; Ibn Manzur. ''Lisan al-'Arab''. under the word "{{iarabic|علم}}"; Al-Zubaydi, Muhammad b. Muhammad al-Murtada. ''Taj al-'arus''. under the words "{{iarabic|نصب" & "حرم}}"</ref> | ||
After Abraham (a), [[Isma'il (a)]] reconstructed the indicators of Haram. In pre-Islam [[Age of Ignorance]], 'Adnan b. Udad and Qusay b. Kilab did the same at their own times. [[Quraysh]] rebuilt the indicators of Haram at the beginning of the Prophet's (s) mission. 8 years later, after conquering Mecca, Tamim b. Asad al-Khuza'i and Aswad b. Khalaf al-Qurashi al-Zuhari repaired and rebuilt the indicators of Haram by the order of [[the Prophet (s)]]. In next periods also by the order of [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] (in [[17]]/638), [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] (in [[26]]/646), [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan]] (ruled 41/661–60/679), [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] (ruled 65/684–86/705), and [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]] (ruled 158/774–169/785), some people repaired and rebuilt the indicators of Haram. <ref>Al-Azraqi, Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah. ''Akhbar Makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 2. p. 128-130; Al-'Asqalani, Ibn Hajar. ''al-Isaba fi tamyiz al-sahaba''. vol. 1. p. 72, 367</ref> After al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi, the signs which were on mountains were not repaired anymore and only those which were on the routes entering Mecca which were routes from [[Medina]], [[Yemen]], [[Iraq]], [[Ta'if]] and Ju'rana, and Jaddah were repaired. <ref>Ibn Dihish, 'Abd al-Malik b. 'Abd Allah. ''al-Haram al-Makki al-sharif wa l-a'lam al-muhitat bih''. p. 51-52</ref> | After Abraham (a), [[Isma'il (a)]] reconstructed the indicators of Haram. In pre-Islam [[Age of Ignorance]], 'Adnan b. Udad and Qusay b. Kilab did the same at their own times. [[Quraysh]] rebuilt the indicators of Haram at the beginning of the Prophet's (s) mission. 8 years later, after conquering Mecca, Tamim b. Asad al-Khuza'i and Aswad b. Khalaf al-Qurashi al-Zuhari repaired and rebuilt the indicators of Haram by the order of [[the Prophet (s)]]. In next periods also by the order of [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] (in [[17]]/638), [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] (in [[26]]/646), [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan]] (ruled 41/661–60/679), [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] (ruled 65/684–86/705), and [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]] (ruled 158/774–169/785), some people repaired and rebuilt the indicators of Haram. <ref>Al-Azraqi, Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah. ''Akhbar Makka wa ma ja'a fiha min al-athar''. vol. 2. p. 128-130; Al-'Asqalani, Ibn Hajar. ''al-Isaba fi tamyiz al-sahaba''. vol. 1. p. 72, 367</ref> After al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi, the signs which were on mountains were not repaired anymore and only those which were on the routes entering Mecca which were routes from [[Medina]], [[Yemen]], [[Iraq]], [[Ta'if]] and Ju'rana, and Jaddah were repaired. <ref>Ibn Dihish, 'Abd al-Malik b. 'Abd Allah. ''al-Haram al-Makki al-sharif wa l-a'lam al-muhitat bih''. p. 51-52</ref> | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/حرم حرم] in Farsi Wikishia. | |||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* Agha Buzurg, Tihrani. ''Al-Dhari'a ila tasanif al-Shi'a''. Beirut: Dar al-Adwa', 1403 AH | * Agha Buzurg, Tihrani. ''Al-Dhari'a ila tasanif al-Shi'a''. Beirut: Dar al-Adwa', 1403 AH | ||
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* Zuhayli, Wahaba Mustafa al-. ''Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa adillata''. Damascus, 1984 | * Zuhayli, Wahaba Mustafa al-. ''Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa adillata''. Damascus, 1984 | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
[[fa:حرم]] | [[fa:حرم]] | ||