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Ahmad al-Ahsa'i: Difference between revisions
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| Birth = [[1166]]/1753 | | Birth = [[1166]]/1753 | ||
| Place of study = [[Karbala]] and [[Najaf]] | | Place of study = [[Karbala]] and [[Najaf]] | ||
| Home town = Mutayrifi (a village in Ahsa' region, Arabia | | Home town = Mutayrifi (a village in Ahsa' region), Arabia | ||
| Death= [[1241]]/1826 | | Death= [[1241]]/1826 | ||
| Burial place = [[Baqi' Cemetery]] | | Burial place = [[Al-Baqi' Cemetery]] | ||
| Professors = [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi Bahr al-'Ulum]], [[Muhammad Baqir Wahid Bihbahani]] etc. | | Professors = [[Al-Sayyid Muhammad Mahdi Bahr al-'Ulum]], [[Muhammad Baqir Wahid Bihbahani]], etc. | ||
| Students = [[Shaykh Muhammad Hassan Najafi]], [[Sayyid Kazim Rashti]] etc. | | Students = [[Shaykh Muhammad Hassan Najafi]], [[Sayyid Kazim Rashti]] etc. | ||
| Permission for hadith transmission from = | | Permission for hadith transmission from = | ||
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| Scholarly activities = | | Scholarly activities = | ||
}} | }} | ||
''' | '''ʾAḥmad b. Zayn al-Dīn b. ʾIbrāhīm al-ʾAḥsāʾī''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|احمد بن زین الدین بن ابراهیم الأحسايي}}), (b. Rajab [[1166]]/May 1753 - d. Dhu l-Qa'da [[1241]]/June 1826), also known as ''''Ahmad al-Ahsa'i''', was a well-known [[Imamiyya]] scholar, [[philosopher]] and [[faqih]] to whom [[Shaykhiyya]] (a Shiite sect) is attributed. His practices and thoughts and his life events have brought about drastic developments in the history of Imamiyya. | ||
==Sources of Biography== | ==Sources of Biography== | ||
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==Birth== | ==Birth== | ||
Al-Ahsa'i was born in the village Mutayrifi located in the | Al-Ahsa'i was born in the village Mutayrifi located in the al-Ahsa area in the East Arabia. According to al-Ahsa'i, from his 4th ancestor—Daghir—on, his family was Shiite. Daghir was the first in his lineage who abandoned the Bedouin life and resided in Mutayrifi. After the migration, Daghir converted to Shiism, and all his progeny went on to believe in Shiism. | ||
==Travels== | |||
Al-Ahsa'i was educated in 'Ihsa' until he was 20 years old. In [[1186]]/1772, he migrated to [[Karbala]] and [[Najaf]]. Upon the Cholera outbreak in [[Iraq]] in [[1208]]/1794, he returned to 'Ihsa' and after four years he went back to Iraq. Upon his return, he sojourned in [[Basra]] and stayed in Dhawraq near Basra until [[1216]]/1801. At this time, he had short sojourns in Basra and villages nearby. | |||
In 1216/1801, he went to Karbala and Najaf, and then he went to [[Mashhad]] as a pilgrim—on his way, he had a stay in [[Yazd]]. People in Yazd warmly welcomed him and because of their insistence, he stayed in Yazd after his return from Mashhad. al-Ahsa'i went to [[Tehran]] for a while at the command of [[Fath 'Ali Shah]], and in [[1223]]/1808 he returned to Yazd by the permission of the Shah. | |||
In [[1229]]/1814 al-Ahsa'i went to [[Kermanshah]] on his way to Karbala and Najaf, and was welcomed by people. The governor of Kermanshah insisted that he stay there, and promised that he provide all the means for al-Ahsa'i to annually travel to Iraq. The stay took about 10 years, except two years when he was on travels. He then went to Mashhad, Yazd and Kermanshah, and then to Iraq. He then departed from Iraq to [[Mecca]], but he died near [[Medina]]. | |||
===Visiting Fath 'Ali Shah=== | |||
When al-Ahsa'i resided in Yazd, he was well-known in [[Iran]], and Fath 'Ali Shah began correspondences with him, and invited him for a visit in Tehran. Al-Ahsa'i made excuses to reject the invitation. However, the Shah wrote to him if Shah comes to Yazd with his troops, lives of people in Yazd will be disturbed, and asked him to go to Tehran. Since al-Ahsa'i was disinclined to accept the invitation, he decided to go to Basra, but people of Yazd told him that this would bring about troubles for them. Finally, al-Ahsa'i went to Tehran to visit Shah. After a while, he returned to Yazd with the permission of Shah. | |||
==Teachers and Masters== | ==Teachers and Masters== | ||
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* Muhammad Taqi al-Ahsa'i | * Muhammad Taqi al-Ahsa'i | ||
* 'Alinaqi al-Ahsa'i | * 'Alinaqi al-Ahsa'i | ||
==Expert in Various Disciplines== | ==Expert in Various Disciplines== | ||
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Burghani's accusation brought about many troubles for al-Ahsa'i in his last travel to Karbala, and led him to abandon the city despite his intention to stay there. Meanwhile, some people accused him of exaggerations about Imams (a), and instigated the scholars of Karbala and some Ottoman leaders against him. | Burghani's accusation brought about many troubles for al-Ahsa'i in his last travel to Karbala, and led him to abandon the city despite his intention to stay there. Meanwhile, some people accused him of exaggerations about Imams (a), and instigated the scholars of Karbala and some Ottoman leaders against him. | ||
==Defenses | ==Defenses by Some Scholars== | ||
Some people resisted such accusations to al-Ahsa'i. For instance, [[Muhammad 'Ibrahim Kalbasi]] was fully familiar with the views of al-Ahsa'i, and after the al-Ahsa'i's death, he held mourning ceremonies for three days in Isfahan. He says: "it is bold to accuse | Some people resisted such accusations to al-Ahsa'i. For instance, [[Muhammad 'Ibrahim Kalbasi]] was fully familiar with the views of al-Ahsa'i, and after the al-Ahsa'i's death, he held mourning ceremonies for three days in Isfahan. He says: "it is bold to accuse shaykh [al-Ahhsa'i] of inappropriate beliefs by people who do not know his views and terminologies". | ||
==Beliefs== | |||
Al-Ahsa'i's views might be summarized in the slogan that knowledge and truths about anything can exclusively be found in prophets (a) and Imams (a). Wisdom—as knowledge of the reality of everything—is compatible with both the interior ([[batin]]) of [[shari'a]] and its exterior ([[zahir]]). He holds that reason can know the reality only if it is enlightened with Imams/[[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]—whether in theoretical knowledge or the practical one. Reasoning about religious beliefs is an obligation for anyone, but since truths are with 'Ahl al-Bayt (a), the truth of the judgments issued by reason depends on the light it receives from 'Ahl al-Bayt (a). | |||
Al-Ahsa'i's views might be summarized in the slogan that knowledge and truths about anything can exclusively be found in prophets (a) and Imams (a). Wisdom—as knowledge of the reality of everything—is compatible with both the interior ([[batin]]) of [[shari'a]] and its exterior ([[zahir]]). He holds that reason can know the reality only if it is enlightened with Imams/ [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]—whether in theoretical knowledge or the practical one. Reasoning about religious beliefs is an obligation for anyone, but since truths are with 'Ahl al-Bayt (a), the truth of the judgments issued by reason depends on the light it receives from 'Ahl al-Bayt (a). | |||
On the one hand, al-Ahsa'i does not accept the position of those who rest content to the exterior or superficial meanings of shari'a, and on the other hand, he rejects the view of those who maintain that with the interior of shrai'a, we will not need its exterior. | On the one hand, al-Ahsa'i does not accept the position of those who rest content to the exterior or superficial meanings of shari'a, and on the other hand, he rejects the view of those who maintain that with the interior of shrai'a, we will not need its exterior. | ||
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The theory of hurqaliya'i corpses not only purports to account for the bodily resurrection, but also for [[mi'raj]] (the Prophet (s)'s journey to heavens) and the [[Occultation of Imam al-Mahdi (a)]]. | The theory of hurqaliya'i corpses not only purports to account for the bodily resurrection, but also for [[mi'raj]] (the Prophet (s)'s journey to heavens) and the [[Occultation of Imam al-Mahdi (a)]]. | ||
=== | ===Place of Imams in the Creation=== | ||
In his works, al-Ahsa'i has assigned a significant role to the issues of [[Imamate]], for example, in his extended exposition of [[Ziyarat al-Jami'a al-Kabira]]. He particularly focuses on the generative aspects of the position of Imamate—the Prophet (s) and Imams (a) are the greatest creatures of God and are the mediums of his grace, and they are the four causes—efficient, material, formal and teleological—of the world. In the Aristotelian and Islamic philosophies, each of these four types of causes is an aspect of phenomena's needs to causes. Appealing to a hadith, al-Ahsa'i tries to show that the Prophet (s) and Imams (a) play the roles of all these causes. | In his works, al-Ahsa'i has assigned a significant role to the issues of [[Imamate]], for example, in his extended exposition of [[Ziyarat al-Jami'a al-Kabira]]. He particularly focuses on the generative aspects of the position of Imamate—the Prophet (s) and Imams (a) are the greatest creatures of God and are the mediums of his grace, and they are the four causes—efficient, material, formal and teleological—of the world. In the Aristotelian and Islamic philosophies, each of these four types of causes is an aspect of phenomena's needs to causes. Appealing to a hadith, al-Ahsa'i tries to show that the Prophet (s) and Imams (a) play the roles of all these causes. | ||
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Al-Ahsa'i has left many works in various topics. There are two bibliographies of his works: (1) Fihrist al-tasanif by Riad Tahir, and (2) a chapter of ''[[Fihrist-i kitab-i mashayikh-i 'izam]]'' by [[Abu l-Qassim 'Ibrahimi]] which is much more detailed than (1). Many of al-Ahsa'i's works are short essays that he wrote in response to some questions; some of these were later recognized as highly significant and were published independently. Al-Ahsa'i has left over 100 essays that might be found in some printed or manuscript collections. | Al-Ahsa'i has left many works in various topics. There are two bibliographies of his works: (1) Fihrist al-tasanif by Riad Tahir, and (2) a chapter of ''[[Fihrist-i kitab-i mashayikh-i 'izam]]'' by [[Abu l-Qassim 'Ibrahimi]] which is much more detailed than (1). Many of al-Ahsa'i's works are short essays that he wrote in response to some questions; some of these were later recognized as highly significant and were published independently. Al-Ahsa'i has left over 100 essays that might be found in some printed or manuscript collections. | ||
*''[[Jawami' al-kalim]]'' ; a collection of 92 essays as responses to some letters. Most of al-Ahsa'i's essays might be found in this collection. The second volume of this work contains 12 long qasidas by al-Ahsa'i as an elegy for [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]]. | |||
*''[[Hayat al-nafs fi hazira al-quds]]'' ; a short book concerning the principles of beliefs that is printed both in Jawami' al-kalim and independently. There are two Persian translations of the book by [[Sayyid Kazim Rashti]] and Shaykh Muhammad Husayn 'Azimabadi Hari. | |||
*''Sharh al-ziyara al-jami'a al-kabira'' —the greatest and the best known work of al-Ahsa'i. | |||
*''Sharh al-'arshiyya'' —an exposition of a work by [[Sadr al-Din al-Shirazi]]. | |||
*''Sharh al-masha'ir'' —an exposition of a work by Sadr al-Din al-Shirazi. | |||
*''Al-'isma wa al-rij'a'' —in response to Muhammad 'Ali Mirza Dawlatshah concerning [['isma]] (infallibility of the Prophet (s) and Imams (a)) and [[rij'a]] (return of some believers to this world after the appearance ([[zuhur]]) of Imam al-Mahdi (a)). | |||
*''Al-fawa'id'' , containing 12 chapters concerning the general problems of existence, divine creation and human acts. Al-Ahsa'i himself has written an exposition for this book. | |||
*''Majmu'a al-rasa'il'' , containing 33 essays. | |||
*''Majmu'a al-rasa'il (collection of essays) regarding the Quranic disciplines''. Most of these essays are by Muhammad Karim Khan Kermani, and two of them are by al-Ahsa'i: ''Risala fi rasm 'alfaz al-quran al-sharif'' (an essay concerning how the Quranic words should be written), and ''Risala fi ba'd 'asrar al-tajwid'' (an essay concerning how the Quranic words should be pronounced). | |||
*''Mukhtasar al-risala al-haydariyya fi fiqh al-salawat al-yawmiyya'' (it is a fiqhi essay about prayers). | |||
There are many manuscripts of al-Ahsa'i that are kept in the [[Sa'adat Library of Kerman]], some of which have not yet been published. | There are many manuscripts of al-Ahsa'i that are kept in the [[Sa'adat Library of Kerman]], some of which have not yet been published. | ||
== | ==References== | ||
* The material for writing this article has been mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C#.D8.A7.D8.B3.D8.A7.D8.AA.DB.8C.D8.AF_.D9.88_.D9.85.D8.B4.D8.A7.DB.8C.D8.AE احمد بن زین الدین بن ابراهیم احسایی] in Farsi wikishia. | * The material for writing this article has been mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C#.D8.A7.D8.B3.D8.A7.D8.AA.DB.8C.D8.AF_.D9.88_.D9.85.D8.B4.D8.A7.DB.8C.D8.AE احمد بن زین الدین بن ابراهیم احسایی] in Farsi wikishia. | ||
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[[ar:أحمد بن زين الدين الأحسائي]] | [[ar:أحمد بن زين الدين الأحسائي]] | ||
[[Category:Faqihs]] | |||
[[Category:Philosophers]] | |||
[[Category:Theologians]] | |||
[[Category:Poets]] | |||
[[Category:Shaykhiyya]] | [[Category:Shaykhiyya]] | ||
[[Category:Buried in Baqi cemetery]] | [[Category:Buried in al-Baqi cemetery]] | ||
[[Category:Scholars of 19th century]] | |||