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As'ad b. Zurara: Difference between revisions
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==Among the First Muslims== | ==Among the First Muslims== | ||
As'ad b. Zurara was among the first people of [[Yathrib]] who converted to Islam in [[Mecca]], prior to [[the migration of the Prophet Muhammad (s) to Medina]]<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', Dar | As'ad b. Zurara was among the first people of [[Yathrib]] who converted to Islam in [[Mecca]], prior to [[the migration of the Prophet Muhammad (s) to Medina]]<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', Dar Sadir, Vol.3, P.608.</ref>. As'ad was a companion of the Prophet Muhammad (s) from [[Khazraj]];<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.2, P.429.</ref> he was a monotheist in [[Jahiliyya]] (ignorance) era.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, Vol.1, P169; Ibn al-Jawzi, ''al-Muntazam'', Vol.3, P.203.</ref> | ||
===Meeting the Prophet Muhammad (s)=== | ===Meeting the Prophet Muhammad (s)=== | ||
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==Preaching Islam in Medina== | ==Preaching Islam in Medina== | ||
After As'ad b. Zurara returned to Medina, he started preaching Islam. As it is said, he destroyed the [[idols]] in the city and performed [[prayers]] along with other Muslims. It is also said he was the first one who performed the first [[Friday Prayer]]. However historiographers (Sira writers) have debates on the matter that As'ad b. Zurara preached Islam and performed prayers in Medina. According to the narrations by Ibn Ishaq, after the first pledge of al-Aqaba, Prophet Muhammad (s) sent [[Mus'ab b. 'Umayr]] to Medina in order to teach [[the holy Quran]] to people. And in [[the second pledge of al-Aqaba]] Mus'ab along with Ansar came to [[Mecca]] to have a meeting with the Prophet Muhammad (s). | After As'ad b. Zurara returned to Medina, he started preaching Islam.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', Dar Sadir, Vol.3, P. 609-610.</ref> As it is said, he destroyed the [[idols]] in the city and performed [[prayers]] along with other Muslims.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.2, P.435; Tabarsi, ''Majma' al-bayan'', Vol.10, P.431.</ref> It is also said he was the first one who performed the first [[Friday Prayer]]. However historiographers (Sira writers) have debates on the matter that As'ad b. Zurara preached Islam and performed prayers in Medina.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.2, P.76.</ref> According to the narrations by Ibn Ishaq, after the first pledge of al-Aqaba, Prophet Muhammad (s) sent [[Mus'ab b. 'Umayr]] to Medina in order to teach [[the holy Quran]] to people. And in [[the second pledge of al-Aqaba]] Mus'ab along with Ansar came to [[Mecca]] to have a meeting with the Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.2, P.76.</ref> | ||
While other narrations declared that Mus'ab b. 'Umayr went to Medina after the second pledge of al-Aqaba. Therefore, it seems Mus'ab was responsible for teaching Quran and As'ad b. Zurara was responsible for performing prayers. When Mus'ab came to Medina, he settled in As'ad's house to carry out his duties. | While other narrations declared that Mus'ab b. 'Umayr went to Medina after the second pledge of al-Aqaba.<ref>Ibn 'Abd al-Birr, al-Isti'ab, Cairo, Vol.4, P.1473.</ref> Therefore, it seems Mus'ab was responsible for teaching Quran and As'ad b. Zurara was responsible for performing prayers.<ref>Biladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', Vol.1, P. 239,243,266; Tabari, ''Tarikh Tabari'', Vol.2, P.397; Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya, Vol.1, P.100, 153; Khalifa b. Khayyat, ''Tarikh'', Vol.1, P.14.</ref> When Mus'ab came to Medina, he settled in As'ad's house to carry out his duties. | ||
==Demise== | ==Demise== | ||
The information about As'ad b. Zurara after the migration of the Prophet (s) to [[Medina]] is highly limited. As'ad became ill a few months after [[the migration of the Prophet (s) to Medina]]. The treatment was not effective and he passed away in [[al-Shawwal]] before the building of [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Prophet's mosque) was finished. the Prophet Muhammad (s) attended his funeral ceremony and also provided financial support for it. He also performed [[funeral prayer]] on his body, which was the first funeral prayer in Medina by the Prophet Muhammad (s). He was buried in [[al-Baqi' cemetery]]; it is said that he was the first one who was buried there. | The information about As'ad b. Zurara after the migration of the Prophet (s) to [[Medina]] is highly limited. As'ad became ill a few months after [[the migration of the Prophet (s) to Medina]]. The treatment was not effective and he passed away in [[al-Shawwal]] before the building of [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Prophet's mosque) was finished.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', Dar Sadir, Vol.3, P.611; Tabari, ''Tarikh Tabari, Vol.2, P.397; Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.1, P.100,153.</ref> the Prophet Muhammad (s) attended his funeral ceremony and also provided financial support for it.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, Vol.3, P.459.</ref> He also performed [[funeral prayer]] on his body, which was the first funeral prayer in Medina by the Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>Ibn Shabh, ''Tarikh al-madina'', Vol.96; Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, al-Asaba, Vol.1, P.209.</ref> He was buried in [[al-Baqi' cemetery]]; it is said that he was the first one who was buried there.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'',Dar Sadir, Vol.3, P.611-612.</ref> | ||
After As'ad had passed away, [[Banu Najjar]] came to the Prophet Muhammad (s) and asked for a new [[Naqib]] (deputy) for their tribe. Prophet said: I would be the Naqib of your tribe, which made Banu Najjar immensely proud. | After As'ad had passed away, [[Banu Najjar]] came to the Prophet Muhammad (s) and asked for a new [[Naqib]] (deputy) for their tribe. Prophet said: I would be the Naqib of your tribe, which made Banu Najjar immensely proud.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.1, P.154; Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'',Dar al-Sadir, Vol.3, P.611.</ref> | ||
==Verses Revealed about As'ad== | ==Verses Revealed about As'ad== | ||
# A number of sahaba had passed away before the [[Qibla]] was switched to Mecca, including As'ad b. Zurara. Meanwhile, several leaders of Jews cast doubts on the prayers of those sahaba who already passed away. Subsequently it raised question for As'ad's family and a number of [[sahaba]] about the prayers of departed Muslims. Therefore, the 143rd verse of [[al-Baqara]] was revealed: | # A number of sahaba had passed away before the [[Qibla]] was switched to Mecca, including As'ad b. Zurara. Meanwhile, several leaders of Jews cast doubts on the prayers of those sahaba who already passed away.<ref>Baghawi, ''Ma'alim al-tanzil'', Vol.1, P.123.</ref> Subsequently it raised question for As'ad's family and a number of [[sahaba]] about the prayers of departed Muslims. Therefore, the 143rd verse of [[al-Baqara]] was revealed:<ref>Tabarsi, ''Majma' al-bayan'', Vol.1, P.417.</ref> | ||
Wa ma kana Allahu liyudi'a imanakum inna Allaha binnasi larauf al-Rahim (Never would Allah make your faith of no effect. For Allah is to all people most surely full of kindness Most Merciful.) Al-Baqara 143 | Wa ma kana Allahu liyudi'a imanakum inna Allaha binnasi larauf al-Rahim (Never would Allah make your faith of no effect. For Allah is to all people most surely full of kindness Most Merciful.) Al-Baqara 143 | ||
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Tha'laba b. Ghanam from the tribe of [[Aws]] and As'ad b. Zurara from the tribe of [[Khazraj]] began a conflict on glorifying their own tribes. Tha'laba said [[Khuzayma Dhu al-Shahadatayn]], [[Hanzala Ghasil al-Malaika]] and [[Asim b. Thabit]] who supported [[Islam]] and [[Sa'd b. Mu'adh]] (whose decision on [[Banu Qurayza]] was accepted by [[Allah]]) are all from our tribe. As'ad said: [[Ubay b. Ka'b]], [[Mu'adh b. Jabal]], [[Zayd b. Thabit]] and Abu Zayd (who carried and memorized Quran) and Sa'd b. 'Ubada, the chief of [[Ansar]], all are from our tribe. Subsequently, it led to a dispute which caused an armed conflict between the tribes. | Tha'laba b. Ghanam from the tribe of [[Aws]] and As'ad b. Zurara from the tribe of [[Khazraj]] began a conflict on glorifying their own tribes. Tha'laba said [[Khuzayma Dhu al-Shahadatayn]], [[Hanzala Ghasil al-Malaika]] and [[Asim b. Thabit]] who supported [[Islam]] and [[Sa'd b. Mu'adh]] (whose decision on [[Banu Qurayza]] was accepted by [[Allah]]) are all from our tribe. As'ad said: [[Ubay b. Ka'b]], [[Mu'adh b. Jabal]], [[Zayd b. Thabit]] and Abu Zayd (who carried and memorized Quran) and Sa'd b. 'Ubada, the chief of [[Ansar]], all are from our tribe. Subsequently, it led to a dispute which caused an armed conflict between the tribes. | ||
After this incident the 102nd and 103rd verses of Al-Imran were revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (s) which recommended piety and unity between both tribes. Afterwards both tribes agreed to make peace: | After this incident the 102nd and 103rd verses of Al-Imran were revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (s) which recommended piety and unity between both tribes. Afterwards both tribes agreed to make peace:<ref>Tabarsi, ''Majma' al-bayan'', Vol.2, P.804.</ref> | ||
Ya ayyuha al-ladhina Amanu ittaqu Allaha haqqa tuqatihi wa la tamutunna illa wa antum muslimun. Wa' tasimu bihabli Allahi jamian wa la tafarraqu wa dhkuru ni'mata Allahi alaykum idh kuntum a'ada'an fa'allafa bayna qulubikum fa asbahtum bini'matihi ikhwanan wa kuntum ala shafa huftatin min al-Nar fa anqadhakum minha kadhalika yubayyinu Allahu lakum ayatihi la'llakum tahtadun. (O ye who believe! Fear Allah as He should be feared and die not except in a state of Islam. And hold fast all together by the rope which Allah (stretches out for you) and be not divided among yourselves; and remember with gratitude Allah's favor on you; for ye were enemies and He joined your hearts in love so that by His grace ye became brethren; and ye were on the brink of the pit of fire and He saved you from it. Thus doth Allah make his signs clear to you: that ye may be guided). | Ya ayyuha al-ladhina Amanu ittaqu Allaha haqqa tuqatihi wa la tamutunna illa wa antum muslimun. Wa' tasimu bihabli Allahi jamian wa la tafarraqu wa dhkuru ni'mata Allahi alaykum idh kuntum a'ada'an fa'allafa bayna qulubikum fa asbahtum bini'matihi ikhwanan wa kuntum ala shafa huftatin min al-Nar fa anqadhakum minha kadhalika yubayyinu Allahu lakum ayatihi la'llakum tahtadun. (O ye who believe! Fear Allah as He should be feared and die not except in a state of Islam. And hold fast all together by the rope which Allah (stretches out for you) and be not divided among yourselves; and remember with gratitude Allah's favor on you; for ye were enemies and He joined your hearts in love so that by His grace ye became brethren; and ye were on the brink of the pit of fire and He saved you from it. Thus doth Allah make his signs clear to you: that ye may be guided). | ||
If we consider some of the statements mentioned above, they took place after the demise of As'ad b. Zurara (1\623), then it would be incorrect to attribute this story to him. For instance, [[Hanzala]] was martyred in [[the battle of Uhud]]; also the story on [[Banu Qurayza]] and [[Sa'd b. Mu'adh]] took place in 5\11th century. possibly it is related to Sa'd, As'd's brother, who was a hypocrite according to one narration. | If we consider some of the statements mentioned above, they took place after the demise of As'ad b. Zurara (1\623), then it would be incorrect to attribute this story to him. For instance, [[Hanzala]] was martyred in [[the battle of Uhud]]; also the story on [[Banu Qurayza]] and [[Sa'd b. Mu'adh]] took place in 5\11th century. possibly it is related to Sa'd, As'd's brother, who was a hypocrite according to one narration.<ref>Waqidi, ''al-Maghazi'', Vol.3, P.1009.</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
* Ibn al-Jawzi, 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Ali, ''al-Muntzam fi tarikh al-muluk wa al-umam''. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1st edition, 1412 | * Ibn al-Jawzi, 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Ali, ''al-Muntzam fi tarikh al-muluk wa al-umam''. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1st edition, 1412 | ||
* Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, Ahmad b. 'Ali, ''al-Asaba fi tamyiz''. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1415 | * Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, Ahmad b. 'Ali, ''al-Asaba fi tamyiz''. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1415 | ||
* Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra''. Beirut: Dar | * Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra''. Beirut: Dar Sadir | ||
* Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad,''al-Tabaqat al-kubra''. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya,2nd edition, 1418 | * Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad,''al-Tabaqat al-kubra''. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya,2nd edition, 1418 | ||
* Ibn 'Abd al-Birr, Yusuf b. 'Abd Allah, ''al-Isti'ab fi ma'rifat al-ashab''. Cairo: 1960 | * Ibn 'Abd al-Birr, Yusuf b. 'Abd Allah, ''al-Isti'ab fi ma'rifat al-ashab''. Cairo: 1960 | ||