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As'ad b. Zurara: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox sahaba | {{Infobox sahaba | ||
| title | | title =As'ad b. Zurara | ||
| image | | image = | ||
| image size = | | image size = | ||
| caption | | caption = | ||
| Full name = | | Full name = | ||
| [[Kunya]] = Abu Umama | | [[Kunya]] = Abu Umama | ||
| Epithet = As'ad al-Khayr | | Epithet = As'ad al-Khayr | ||
| Line 13: | Line 15: | ||
| Lineage/tribe = [[Khazraj]] | | Lineage/tribe = [[Khazraj]] | ||
| Well-known relatives = | | Well-known relatives = | ||
| Death/Martyrdom | | Death/Martyrdom =[[1]]/623 | ||
| Cause of death/martyrdom | | Cause of death/martyrdom = Illness | ||
| Burial place = [[Baqi' cemetery]] | | Burial place = [[Baqi' cemetery]] | ||
| Converting to Islam = Before [[Hijra]] | | Converting to Islam = Before [[Hijra]] | ||
| Line 20: | Line 22: | ||
| Presence at [[ghazwas]] = | | Presence at [[ghazwas]] = | ||
| Migration to = | | Migration to = | ||
| Known for = | | Known for = | ||
| Notable roles = | | Notable roles = Preaching Islam in Medina, presence at the pledge of al-'Aqaba, naqib of Banu Najjar | ||
| Other activities = | | Other activities = | ||
| Works = | | Works = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Abū Umāma Asʿad b. Zurāra''' (ابوامامة اَسْعَد بن زُرارة) (d. [[1]]/623) was a [[sahaba]] | '''Abū Umāma, Asʿad b. Zurāra''' (Arabic: ابوامامة اَسْعَد بن زُرارة) (d. [[1]]/623) was a [[sahaba]], and among the first people of [[Yathrib]] who converted to [[Islam]]. He was titled as '''As'ad al-Khayr''' (Arabic: أسعد الخير). He preached Islam in [[Medina]]; it is said he destroyed the [[idol]]s and performed [[prayer]]s alongside other Muslims. He was appointed as the [[naqib]] (deputy) of [[Banu Najjar]] by Prophet Muhammad (s) after [[the second pledge at al-Aqaba]]. As'ad and the Prophet Muhammad (s) had a mutual friendship. When As'ad had died, the Prophet Muhammad (s) performed the [[funeral prayer]] on his body and buried him in [[al-Baqi' cemetery]]. It is said that the 143rd verse of [[al-Baqara]] was revealed on the status of a number of [[sahaba]] especially As'ad b. Zurara. | ||
==Among the First Muslims== | ==Among the First Muslims== | ||
As'ad b. Zurara was among the first people of [[Yathrib]] who converted to Islam in [[Mecca]], prior to [[Hijra|the migration of the Prophet Muhammad (s) to Medina]]<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', Dar Sadir, Vol.3, P.608.</ref>. As'ad was a companion of the Prophet Muhammad (s) from [[Khazraj]];<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.2, P.429.</ref> he was a monotheist in [[Jahiliyya]] (ignorance) era.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, Vol.1, P169; Ibn al-Jawzi, ''al-Muntazam'', Vol.3, P.203.</ref> | As'ad b. Zurara was among the first people of [[Yathrib]] who converted to Islam in [[Mecca]], prior to [[Hijra|the migration of the Prophet Muhammad (s) to Medina]]<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', Dar Sadir, Vol.3, P.608.</ref>. As'ad was a companion of the Prophet Muhammad (s) from [[Khazraj]];<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.2, P.429.</ref> he was a monotheist in [[Jahiliyya]] (ignorance) era.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, Vol.1, P169; Ibn al-Jawzi, ''al-Muntazam'', Vol.3, P.203.</ref> | ||
===Meeting | ===Meeting the Prophet Muhammad (s)=== | ||
According to [[Sira]] (Prophet's biography) sources, different stories are stated on the first meeting between As'ad b. Zurara and the Prophet Muhammad (s). However, the origin of all these narrations goes back to the meeting between people of [[Yathrib]] and the Prophet(s) at al-Aqaba. | According to [[Sira]] (Prophet's biography) sources, different stories are stated on the first meeting between As'ad b. Zurara and the Prophet Muhammad (s). However, the origin of all these narrations goes back to the meeting between people of [[Yathrib]] and the Prophet(s) at al-Aqaba. | ||
According to the Ibn Sa'd's narration, when the conflict between the tribes of [[Aws]] and [[Khazraj]] reached its peak, As'ad and Dhakwan b. Abd al-Qays came from Yathrib to [[Mecca]], because they heard about Muhammad (s). After a meeting with him, they both converted to [[Islam]]. Then they returned to Yathrib and preached Islam. After some time along with a number of people of Yathrib, they came to the Prophet (s)<ref>see: Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', Vol.2, P.354-355.</ref> to take an oath of allegiance, which is known as [[the first pledge of al-Aqaba]]. | According to the Ibn Sa'd's narration, when the conflict between the tribes of [[Aws]] and [[Khazraj]] reached its peak, As'ad and Dhakwan b. Abd al-Qays came from Yathrib to [[Mecca]], because they heard about Muhammad (s). After a meeting with him, they both converted to [[Islam]]. Then they returned to Yathrib and preached Islam. After some time along with a number of people of Yathrib, they came to the Prophet (s)<ref>see: al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', Vol.2, P.354-355.</ref> to take an oath of allegiance, which is known as [[the first pledge of al-Aqaba]]. | ||
===As'ad al-Khayr=== | ===As'ad al-Khayr=== | ||
As'ad b. Zurara was known as As'ad al-Khayr because he was among the first who brought [[Islam]] to [[Medina]].<ref>Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', Vol.1 ,P.243.</ref> | As'ad b. Zurara was known as As'ad al-Khayr because he was among the first who brought [[Islam]] to [[Medina]].<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', Vol.1 ,P.243.</ref> | ||
==Naqib al-Nuqaba of the Prophet Muhammad (s)== | ==Naqib al-Nuqaba of the Prophet Muhammad (s)== | ||
People of [[Yathrib]] came to [[the Prophet Muhammad (s)]] in different groups to take an oath of allegiance, [[Banu Najjar]], the relatives of As'ad, claimed As'ad was the first one who took the oath of allegiance to the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.2, P.73,81, Vol.1, P.89; Tabari, ''Tarikh | People of [[Yathrib]] came to [[the Prophet Muhammad (s)]] in different groups to take an oath of allegiance, [[Banu Najjar]], the relatives of As'ad, claimed As'ad was the first one who took the oath of allegiance to the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.2, P.73,81, Vol.1, P.89; Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', Vol2., P.364.</ref> After [[the second pledge at al-Aqaba]] the Prophet (s) chose a [[naqib]] (deputy) for each tribe, who were supposed to preach [[Islam]] and take the responsibility in matters related to their own tribe. As'ad b. Zurara was among the twelve deputies chosen by the Prophet (s).<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.2, P.85.</ref> According to one narration, As'ad was appointed as naqib al-Nuqaba (the chief deputy).<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', Vol.1, P. 254.</ref> | ||
==As'ad b. Zurara and the Prophet Muhammad (s)== | ==As'ad b. Zurara and the Prophet Muhammad (s)== | ||
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After As'ad b. Zurara returned to Medina, he started preaching Islam.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', Dar Sadir, Vol.3, P. 609-610.</ref> As it is said, he destroyed the [[idols]] in the city and performed [[prayer]]s along with other Muslims.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.2, P.435; Tabarsi, ''Majma' al-bayan'', Vol.10, P.431.</ref> It is also said he was the first one who performed the first [[Friday Prayer]]. However historiographers ([[Sira|Sira writers]]) have debates on the matter that As'ad b. Zurara preached Islam and performed prayers in Medina.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.2, P.76.</ref> According to the narrations by Ibn Ishaq, after the first pledge of al-Aqaba, Prophet Muhammad (s) sent [[Mus'ab b. 'Umayr]] to Medina in order to teach [[the holy Quran]] to people. And in [[The Second Pledge of al-'Aqaba|the second pledge of al-'Aqaba]] Mus'ab along with Ansar came to [[Mecca]] to have a meeting with the Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.2, P.76.</ref> | After As'ad b. Zurara returned to Medina, he started preaching Islam.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', Dar Sadir, Vol.3, P. 609-610.</ref> As it is said, he destroyed the [[idols]] in the city and performed [[prayer]]s along with other Muslims.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.2, P.435; Tabarsi, ''Majma' al-bayan'', Vol.10, P.431.</ref> It is also said he was the first one who performed the first [[Friday Prayer]]. However historiographers ([[Sira|Sira writers]]) have debates on the matter that As'ad b. Zurara preached Islam and performed prayers in Medina.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.2, P.76.</ref> According to the narrations by Ibn Ishaq, after the first pledge of al-Aqaba, Prophet Muhammad (s) sent [[Mus'ab b. 'Umayr]] to Medina in order to teach [[the holy Quran]] to people. And in [[The Second Pledge of al-'Aqaba|the second pledge of al-'Aqaba]] Mus'ab along with Ansar came to [[Mecca]] to have a meeting with the Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.2, P.76.</ref> | ||
While other narrations declared that Mus'ab b. 'Umayr went to Medina after the second pledge of al-Aqaba.<ref>Ibn 'Abd al-Birr, al-Isti'ab, Cairo, Vol.4, P.1473.</ref> Therefore, it seems Mus'ab was responsible for teaching Quran and As'ad b. Zurara was responsible for performing prayers.<ref>Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', Vol.1, P. 239,243,266; Tabari, ''Tarikh Tabari'', Vol.2, P.397; Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya, Vol.1, P.100, 153; Khalifa b. Khayyat, ''Tarikh'', Vol.1, P.14.</ref> When Mus'ab came to Medina, he settled in As'ad's house to carry out his duties. | While other narrations declared that Mus'ab b. 'Umayr went to Medina after the second pledge of al-Aqaba.<ref>Ibn 'Abd al-Birr, ''al-Isti'ab'', Cairo, Vol.4, P.1473.</ref> Therefore, it seems Mus'ab was responsible for teaching Quran and As'ad b. Zurara was responsible for performing prayers.<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', Vol.1, P. 239,243,266; Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', Vol.2, P.397; Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya, Vol.1, P.100, 153; Khalifa b. Khayyat, ''Tarikh'', Vol.1, P.14.</ref> When Mus'ab came to Medina, he settled in As'ad's house to carry out his duties. | ||
==Demise== | ==Demise== | ||
The information about As'ad b. Zurara after the migration of the Prophet (s) to [[Medina]] is highly limited. As'ad became ill a few months after | The information about As'ad b. Zurara after the migration of the Prophet (s) to [[Medina]] is highly limited. As'ad became ill a few months after the migration of the Prophet (s) to Medina. The treatment was not effective and he passed away in [[Shawwal]] before the building of [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] (Prophet's mosque) was finished.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', Dar Sadir, Vol.3, P.611; Tabari, ''Tarikh Tabari, Vol.2, P.397; Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.1, P.100,153.</ref> the Prophet Muhammad (s) attended his funeral ceremony and also provided financial support for it.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, Vol.3, P.459.</ref> He also performed [[funeral prayer]] on his body, which was the first funeral prayer in Medina by the Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>Ibn Shabh, ''Tarikh al-madina'', Vol.96; Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, ''al-Isaba'', Vol.1, P.209.</ref> He was buried in [[al-Baqi' cemetery]]; it is said that he was the first one who was buried there.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'',Dar Sadir, Vol.3, P.611-612.</ref> | ||
After As'ad had passed away, [[Banu Najjar]] came to the Prophet Muhammad (s) and asked for a new [[ | After As'ad had passed away, [[Banu Najjar]] came to the Prophet Muhammad (s) and asked for a new [[naqib]] (deputy) for their tribe. Prophet said: I would be the naqib of your tribe, which made Banu Najjar immensely proud.<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', Vol.1, P.154; Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', Dar al-Sadir, Vol.3, P.611.</ref> | ||
==Verses Revealed about As'ad== | ==Verses Revealed about As'ad== | ||
# A number of [[sahaba]] had passed away before the [[change of qibla]] to [[Ka'ba]], including As'ad b. Zurara. Meanwhile, several leaders of Jews cast doubts on the prayers of those sahaba who already passed away.<ref>Al-Baghawi, ''Ma'alim al-tanzil'', Vol.1, P.123.</ref> Subsequently it raised question for As'ad's family and a number of [[sahaba]] about the prayers of departed Muslims. Therefore, the 143rd verse of [[al-Baqara]] was revealed:<ref>Al-Tabrisi, ''Majma' al-bayan'', Vol.1, P.417.</ref> | |||
{{pull quote | |||
|Never would Allah make your faith of no effect. For Allah is to all people most surely full of kindness Most Merciful. | |||
|source=Qur'an, 2:143}} | |||
2. It is narrated from | 2. It is narrated from Muqatil b. Sulayman, that the 102nd and 103rd verses of [[Al 'Imran]] were revealed about the conflict between Tha'laba b. Ghanam and As'ad b. Zurara. However according to the reasons stated below, it seems attributing theses verses to Tha'laba and As'ad is not correct. Here is the story and its review: | ||
Tha'laba b. Ghanam from the tribe of [[Aws]] and As'ad b. Zurara from the tribe of [[Khazraj]] began a conflict on glorifying their own tribes. Tha'laba said [[Khuzayma Dhu al-Shahadatayn]], [[Hanzala Ghasil al-Malaika]] and [['Asim b. Thabit]] who supported [[Islam]] and [[Sa'd b. Mu'adh]] (whose decision on [[ | :Tha'laba b. Ghanam from the tribe of [[Aws]] and As'ad b. Zurara from the tribe of [[Khazraj]] began a conflict on glorifying their own tribes. Tha'laba said [[Khuzayma Dhu al-Shahadatayn]], [[Hanzala Ghasil al-Malaika]], and [['Asim b. Thabit]] who supported [[Islam]] and [[Sa'd b. Mu'adh]] (whose decision on [[Banu Qurayza]] was accepted by [[Allah]]) are all from our tribe. As'ad said: [[Ubay b. Ka'b]], [[Mu'adh b. Jabal]], [[Zayd b. Thabit]] and Abu Zayd (who carried and memorized Quran) and [[Sa'd b. 'Ubada]], the chief of [[Ansar]], all are from our tribe. Subsequently, it led to a dispute which caused an armed conflict between the tribes. After this incident the 102nd and 103rd verses of [[Al 'Imran]] were revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (s) which recommended piety and unity between both tribes. Afterwards both tribes agreed to make peace:<ref>Al-Tabrisi, ''Majma' al-bayan'', Vol.2, P.804.</ref> | ||
{{pull quote | |||
|O you who have faith! Be wary of Allah with the wariness due to Him and do not die except as muslims. (102) Hold fast, all together, to Allah’s cord, and do not be divided [into sects]. And remember Allah’s blessing upon you when you were enemies, then He brought your hearts together, so you became brothers with His blessing. And you were on the brink of a pit of Fire, whereat He saved you from it. Thus does Allah clarify His signs for you so that you may be guided. | |||
|source=Quran,3:102, 103}} | |||
If we consider some of the statements mentioned above, they took place after the demise of As'ad b. Zurara (1\623), then it would be incorrect to attribute this story to him. For instance, [[Hanzala b. Abi 'Amir|Hanzala]] was martyred in [[the Battle of Uhud]]; also the story on [[Battle of Banu Qurayza|Banu Qurayza]] and [[Sa'd b. Mu'adh]] took place in 5\11th century. possibly it is related to Sa'd, As'd's brother, who was a hypocrite according to one narration.<ref>Al-Waqidi, ''al-Maghazi'', Vol.3, P.1009.</ref> | |||
==See Also== | |||
{{col-begin|2}} | |||
* [[Pledge of al-'Aqaba]] | |||
* [[Hijra]] | |||
* [[Medina]] | |||
* [[Quba]] | |||
* [[Ansar]] | |||
* [[Al-Baqi' Cemetery]] | |||
{{end}} | |||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| Line 74: | Line 88: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | |||
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [[fa:اسعد بن زراره اسعد بن زراره]] in Farsi WikiShia. | |||
* Ibn al-Jawzi, 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Ali, ''al-Muntzam fi tarikh al-muluk wa al-umam''. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1st edition, 1412 | * Ibn al-Jawzi, 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Ali, ''al-Muntzam fi tarikh al-muluk wa al-umam''. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1st edition, 1412 | ||
* Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, Ahmad b. 'Ali, ''al- | * Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, Ahmad b. 'Ali, ''al-Isaba fi tamyiz al-sahaba''. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1415 | ||
* Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra''. Beirut: Dar Sadir | * Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad, ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra''. Beirut: Dar Sadir | ||
* Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad,''al-Tabaqat al-kubra''. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya,2nd edition, 1418 | * Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad,''al-Tabaqat al-kubra''. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 2nd edition, 1418 | ||
* Ibn 'Abd al-Birr, Yusuf b. 'Abd Allah, ''al-Isti'ab fi ma'rifat al-ashab''. Cairo: 1960 | * Ibn 'Abd al-Birr, Yusuf b. 'Abd Allah, ''al-Isti'ab fi ma'rifat al-ashab''. Cairo: 1960 | ||
* Ibn 'Abd al-Birr, Yusuf b. 'Abd Allah, ''al-Isti'ab fi ma'rifat al-ashab''. Beirut:Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1st edition, 1415 | * Ibn 'Abd al-Birr, Yusuf b. 'Abd Allah, ''al-Isti'ab fi ma'rifat al-ashab''. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1st edition, 1415 | ||
* Ibn Hisham, 'Abd al-Malik, ''al-Sirat al-nabawiyya''. Cairo: 1936 | * Ibn Hisham, 'Abd al-Malik, ''al-Sirat al-nabawiyya''. Cairo: 1936 | ||
* Ibn Shabih, ''Tarikh al-madina al-munawwara''. Qum, Dar al-Fikr, 1410 | * Ibn Shabih, ''Tarikh al-madina al-munawwara''. Qum, Dar al-Fikr, 1410 | ||
* Ibn Kathir al- | * Ibn Kathir al-Dهmashqi, Isma'il, ''al-Bidaya wa al-nihaya''. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 2nd edition, 1418 | ||
* Ahmad b. Hanbal al-Shaybani, Abu 'Abd Allah,''al-Musnad''. Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd edition, 1415 | * Ahmad b. Hanbal al-Shaybani, Abu 'Abd Allah,''al-Musnad''. Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-'Arabi, 3rd edition, 1415 | ||
* Baghawi, | * Baghawi, Husayn b. Mas'ud al-, ''Ma'alim al-tanzil fi tafsir wa al-ta'wil''. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya,1414 | ||
* Baladhuri, Ahmad, ''Ansab al-ashraf''. Cairo: 1959 | * Baladhuri, Ahmad al-, ''Ansab al-ashraf''. Cairo: 1959 | ||
{{end}} | |||
{{ | {{Sahaba}} | ||
[[fa:اسعد بن زراره]] | [[fa:اسعد بن زراره]] | ||